G N 

131 

^c^(^ EASUREMENTS OF THE CRANIAL FOSS'^* 



BY 



ALES HRDLICKA 

Assistant Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum 



No, 1521. — From the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 
Vol. XXXII, pages 177-232, with Plates XIV, XV 






P^ER\ 



i^"^ 



/ORE 






Washington 

Government Printing Office 

1907 




Class. 

Book H^^ 



frf:senti:d by 



i 



MEASUREMENTS OF THE CRANIAL FOSSAE 



BY 



ALES HRDLICKA 

Assistant Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum 



No. 1521. — From the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 
Vol. XXXII, pages 177-232, with Plates XIV, XV 




Washington 

Government Printing Office 

1907 



c^ 



^ 






LC Control N\ainber 





tmp96 026243 



MEASUREMENTS OF THE CRANIAL FOSS^. 



By Ales Hrdlicka, 

Assistant Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum. 



While there exists only a general correlation between the outside 
and the inside of the skull, the brain and the cranial cavity correspond 
under normal conditions exactly. The brain is separated from the 
skull only by the meninges, which, however, are of small and uniform 
thickness, and adhere everywhere closely to the organ as well as to the 
bone, so that the above statement is not affected. 

The skull cavit}' presents certain subdivisions, known as cranial fos- 
sae, which correspond with certain portions of the brain. These fossge 
are termed the anterior, middle, and posterior, and the parts of the 
brain the}" inclose are the anterior, middle, and posterior lobes of the 
cerebrum, with the cerebellum. The two last named occupy the pos- 
terior fossa on each side, one its superior and the other its inferior 
portion. As the study of the brain is continually gaining in impor- 
tance, one of the most valuable investigations on this organ would be a 
series of accurate measurements of its lobes; but the brain is soft, and 
before it can be measured must be hardened in preservatives. This, 
in the case of the heav}' human brain, is seldom achieved without some 
flattening or other deformation. Measurements on a deformed organ 
can, however, never be accurate and can not be relied upon for any 
finer differentiations. Moreover, normal human brains are not easily 
obtained, even those of the whites, and in the case of many races, in 
which the study of the organ is most urgent, the material is extremely 
limited or wholly wanting. As a good example of this ma}^ be cited the 
North American Indian, whose brain has never yet been properl}" 
studied. There are now in the U. S. National Museum just three brains 
of these people, and all of them are so badh^ deformed or damaged as to 
be entirely unsuitable for measurement. Under such circumstances, 
and in view of the close correspondence of subdivisions of the brain 
with those of the skull cavity, it becomes desirable to utilize, so far as 
feasible, measurements on the latter and on its subdivisions. This has 
been attempted by the author, and the present report is the result of a 
limited number of the more important measurements. 

Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXXII— No, 1521. 
Proc. N. M. vol. xxxii— 07^ 12 177 



178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxn. 

This paper deals with the absolute and the relative lengths of the 
cerebral and cerebellar fossae in man and a series of animals, and with 
the relation of the length of the different fossse to the form of the skull. 

The detailed objects of the study were the elucidation of how the 
several fossae, or rather the parts of the brain which they limit, differ 
in the various races of mankind, in the two sexes, between the young 
and adults, between man and other mammals, and, finally, in dolicho- 
and brachycephaly. 

A similar study of the cranial fossae has not, so far as the writer 
was able to learn, been as yet attempted. General remarks on the 
size of the fossae will be found in Cuvier;^' Morton* measured the 
capacity of the '"anterior" and "posterior" chamber of the skull, 
Huschke ^ and Aeby ^ the capacity of the frontal and occipital verte- 
brae, and Giuffrida-Ruggeri ^ that of tlie cerebellar fossa; finally a 
number of observers-^ have measured directly the several lobes of the 
brain; but linear measurements of the fossae are wanting. Yet these 
cavities offer stable boundaries for measurements that are less compli- 
cated and less subject to the results of variations in the bones themselves 
than Huschke's or Aeby's capacities. 

One of the main reasons why the cranial fossae have not received 
more attention in anthropometry was undoubted 1}^ the scarcity of 
suitable material, i. e., cut skulls, and it was the writer's opportunity 
in this particular that was the direct cause of his undertaking the 
measurements. From 1897 to 1903 the writer enjoyed th« privilege 
of examining the great osteological collection in Prof. George S. 
Huntington's Morphological Museum in the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons,^ New York, and to this were added, every year, a fair 
number of identified skulls, from which the calvarium had been 
removed for the purpose of brain demonstration. This provided an 
ample supply of skulls, already cut, of whites and some of negroes, 
to which, since 1903, it has been possible to add necessary series of 
Indian, fetal, and animal crania from the collections of the U. S. 
National Museum. The writer is particularly indebted to the Division 
of Mammals of the National Museum for the comparative material. 

« Lemons d'anatomie comparee, 2 ed., Paris, 1837, p. 288. 

&S. G. Morton, Crania Americana, Philadelphia, 1839, pp. 253-256. 

<■£. Huschke, Schaedel, Hirn und Seele, Jena, 1854, p. 46. (Refers also to C. G. 
Carus, who compared the three vertebrse — frontal, parietal, and occipital — from 
measurements obtained between points on the exterior surface of the bones. ) 

<^ C. Aeby, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Mikrocephalie, Arch. f. Anthrop., VII, 
1874-1875, p. 15. 

^V. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, La capacita della fossa cerebellare, Sperimentale, XXV 
1899, pp. 131-135; also in Arch. ital. de biol., XXXII, 1899, p. 455. 

./See especially D. J. Cunningham. Address to the Anthropological Section, Brit- 
ish Association, Glasgow, 1901, pp. 1-13; also in the Proc. British Association of 1901. 

(/The medical department of the Columbia University. 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXII PL. XIV 




Landmarks and Lines of Measurements of the Anterior and Middle Fossae. 

aa, anterior fossa, anterior landmark; ap, anterior fossa, posterior landmark; ???a, middle fossa, 
anterior landmark; mp, middle fossa, posterior landmark. 



NO. 1521. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSjE—HRDLICKA. 179 

A long delay in publishing the result of this study was occasioned by 
lack of anthropoid ape skulls, but even this was eventually supplied 
from the valuable collection recently sent to the National Museum by 
Dr. W. L. Abbott. 

The total number of specimens measured was as follows : 

Skulls of adult males, white: 

Dolichocephals « &20 

Mesocephals 20 

Brachycephals 20 

Skulls of adult females, white: 

Dolichocephals 10 

Mesocephals 10 

Brachycephals 10 

Skulls of adult males, Indian: 

Dolichocephals 10 

Brachycephals 10 

Skulls of adult males, negro, ^ dolicho- to mesocephals 15 

Skulls of adult females, negro, dolicho- to mesocephals 10 

Skulls of fetuses and children: 

White, brachycephals i 10 

Negro, brachycephals 10 

Negro, dolicho- to mesocephals 20 

Skulls of adult anthropoid apes 13 

Skulls of adult monkeys and other mammals 10 

Total crania measured 198 

Considerable difficulty was encountered at the start in the choice of 
appropriate measurements and the fixing of good landmarks. Repeated 
trials showed that measurements of height and breadth of the fossae, 
though highly desirable, were quite impracticable, and that to a cer 
tain extent artificial landmarks would have to be established for the 
longitudinal dimensions. In searching for such points from which to 
measure, the writer was guided by the desire of having the measure- 
ments on the bones correspond as closely as possible to definite seg- 
ments or portions of the brain, and the ultimate selection in human 
adults was as follows: 

Anterior f OSS de; advlts. — The anterior points from which to measure 
{act, aa^ Plate XIV), are located on the arc of a circle of 2 cm. radius, 
with the foramen coecum as center; and 1.2 cm. laterad of the median 
line. They correspond closely to the lower limits of the frontal poles. 

The posterior points {ap, ajJ) are on the free border of the lesser 

« Dolichocephals : Cephalic index up to 75; mesocephals, 75.1 to 80; brachycephals, 
above 80. 

& Some of the crania were partly damaged, so that not all the foss?e could be exam- 
ined; details will be clearly seen in the final tables. 

^Including several African blacks; among the American negroes, though all pos- 
sessed the features of the race, several were probably of mixed blood (white and 
black). 



180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxii. 

wing of the sphenoid, 2 cm . laterad , from the outer border of each 
optic foramen (base of the anterior clinoid process). 

The line between aa and ap runs near to the line of the internal 
orbital sulcus of the brain and follows closely the horizontal plane of 
the base of the frontal lobe. 

Middle fossae; adults, — The anterior landmarks from which to meas- 
ure {ma^ ma^) are located at the anterior extremity of a line passing 
vertically beneath the points ap^ ap. They correspond closely to the 
point of the maximum forward bulge in the line of the middle fossae, 
i. e. to the poles of the temporal lobes of the cerebrum. 

The posterior point {mp.^ mp) is on the middle of the superior 
border of the petrous part of each temporal bone (in the middle 
between the distal end of that border at the tempore -parietal suture 
and the medial extremity of the petrous wedge). The lines ma-m,p 
are suitable representatives of the antero-posterior diameter of the 
temporal lobes of the brain. 

Th^ posterior fossae consist each of a cerebral and a cerebellar por- 
tion, both of which were measured. For anterior landmarks of both 
portions in adults were chosen the points tnp. For the posterior land- 
marks of the cerebellar parts of the cavity {pi, pi, Plate XV) 
points were selected on the lower ridge of each lateral sinus, 1.5 cm. 
from the median line, and the posterior points for the measurement of 
the cerebral part {ps, ps) are 2.5 cm. vertically above a horizontal line 
passing through the more superior of thoi pi marks. 

The left inferior ridge of the lateral sinus and hence the X^it pi 
point is in adult man very often lower than the right. In all such 
cases it is sufficient for practical purposes to determine the location of 
the right ps point and place the left ps horizontally opposite, 1.5 cm. 
from the median line. The median line is determined by extending 
the long axis of the foramen magnum. 

The wijj-pi line corresponds to the length of the superior plane of 
the cerebellum; while the mp-ps line measures the length of that part 
of the cerebrum which lies on the tentorium. The ps points corre- 
spond quite closely to the occipital poles of the cerebrum. 

In the skulls of the human young and of various mammals, the 
landmarks were virtually the same as in human adults, with the 
distances between aa and aa and the points in the posterior fossae in 
the smaller skulls diminished proportionately according to the size of 
the skull. 

Several additional measurements besides the foregoing were taken on 
the ventral parts of the skulls and will be referred to later. 

No deformed, pathological, or in any way abnormal skull was 
included in the series measured, and due care was exercised concerning 
fortuitous variations affecting the landmarks. 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XXXil PL. XV 




Landmarks and Lines of Measurements of the Cerebral and Cerebellar Parts 

OF THE Posterior Fossa. 

mp, middle fossa, posterior landmark; p.s, posterior point from which to measure the cerebral 
part of the posterior fossa; 2^1, posterior point from which to measure the cerebellar part of the 
posterior fossa. 



NO. 1521. 



MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSM-HRDLICKA. 



181 



The instruments used were a small, straight, rig-id, sharp-pointed 
compass; the ordinar}^ anthropometric sliding compass; a compass with 
sharp-pointed, curved branches, each provided at its middle with an 
additional joint — an instrument that could be easily converted into an 
endocompass; and a piece of brass wire 16 cm. long and 2 mm. in 
diameter, bent in the middle at right angles. This wire served for 
measuring the middle fossa, the length being marked on it, and read 
off with the help of the graduated rod of the sliding compass. 

To facilitate the presentation of the facts obtained, the measure- 
ments of the cerebral fossse are not only given in absolute ligures, but 
also in their relation to the greatest external and the mean internal 
antero-posterior diameters of the skull, and to the sum of the lengths 
of the three cavities. This latter relation, or index, equals with each 
fossa the length of the fossa multiplied by 100 and the result divided 
by the sum of the lengths of the 3 cerebral fossae on same side of the 
skull. 

As to the results of the measurements, it should be constantly borne 
in mind that they reflect only on the length of the various parts of the 
brain, and not 'on other dimensions or mass of these parts, which 
may be expected to show many additional and perhaps varied fea- 
tures. These can be determined only by extensive measurements on' 
the brain itself. 

ANTERIOR FOSS^. 

The figures that follow give averages of the absolute lengths of the 
anterior cranial fossae in the several series of human adults. These 
data have only a limited value in crude form, except for showing 
important differences on the two sides of the skull. In this respect it 
is seen that the average length of the right frontal cavity is greater in 
every series without exception. This interesting fact, not brought out 
before, calls for further detailed observations on the brain in this 
region. 

Anterior fossse: Average length in adults. 





Males. 


Females. 


Race. 


Dolichoceph- 
als. 


Mesocephals. 


Brachyceph- 
als. 


Dolichoceph- 
als. 


Mesocephals. 


Brachyceph- 




-t-j 

be 

s 

mm. 
(14) 
53.1 

(10) 
46.9 

(14) 
51.2 




be 

s 




be 




bo 


«4H 


be 




Right. 
Left. 


Whites 


mm. 

52.3 

^'(-0.8) 

46.4 
a(-0.5) 

50.0 
a(-1.2) 


mm. 

(11) 
52.2 


Vim. 

50.9 
a(-1.3) 


mm. 

(11) 
50.2 

(10) 
45.7 


mm. 

49.4 
n(-0.8) 

45.2 
a(-0.5) 


mm. 

(5) 
48.7 


mm. 
47.8 


vim. 

(6) 

50.5 


mm. 

49.4 
a(-l.l) 


mm. 

(6) 

48.9 


mm. 
48.3 


Indians 


a(-0.9)i 


'.(-0.6) 


Negroes 






i\ 


49.2 
a(-1.9) 



























a Difference from the right fossa. 



182 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 



There are individual cases in which the fossae are of equal length 
or where the left fossa is the longer, but they are small in number in 
adult skulls and may almost be regarded as exceptions. They occurred 
as follows: 

Length of anterior fossa on the two sides in human adults. 



Skulls. 


Right ante- 
rior fossa 

longer (per 
cent of 
cases). 


Anterior 

fossae of equal 

length (per 

centof cases). 


Left anterior 

fossa longer 

(per cent of 

cases). 


14. Adults, whites, males, dolichocephals 


64 
67 
64 
80 
83 
33 
60 
60 
57 
80 


14 
17 
18 
20 
17 
50 
10 
20 
29 
20 


'^1 


12. Adults, whites, males, mesocephals 


17 


11. Adults, whites, males, brachvcephals 


18 


5. Adults, whites, females, dolichocephals 





6. Adults, whites, females, mesocephals 





6. Adults, whites, females, brachycephals 


16 


10. Adults, Indians, males, dolichocephals 


30 


10. Adults, Indians, males, brachycephals 


20 


14. Adults, negroes, males, dolichocephals 


14 


5. Adults, negroes, females, dolichocephals , 









Totals (93 skulls) 


63.5 


20.5 


16 







The right anterior fossa, it is seen, exceeds in length the left in 
63.5 per cent, or very nearly two-thirds, of adult human skulls, the 
left exceeding the right in only 16.0 per cent, or approximately one- 
sixth, of instances. 

In the crania of small children and human fetuses, and in those of 
anthropoid apes and other mammals, the conditions differ from those 
in human adults, namely: 

Length of anterior fossa on the two sides in human fetuses, etc. 



Skulls. 



10 fetuses and children, whites, brachycephals 

10 fetuses and children, colored, brachycephals 

20 fetuses and children, colored, dolicho and meso cephals 

Total (40 skulls) 

2 chimpanzees 

1 gorilla 

6 orangs 

4 gibbons 

Total (13 skulls) 

4 monkeys 

1 lemur, 1 bear, 1 deer 



Right ante- 
rior fossa 
longer (per 
cent of 
cases). 



40 
50 

50 



47.5 



100 

(100) 

50 

25 



54 



25 
a 33 



Anterior 

fossse of equal 

length (per 

cent of cases). 



Left anterior 

fossa longer 

(per cent of 

cases) . 



60 
50 
45 



50 



2.5 







33 

25 



23 







17 

50 



23 



75 
67 



a The deer. 



In human fetuses and children the percentage of cases where the 
right anterior fossa is longer than the left is decidedly smaller than in 
human adults, and the same is true of the cases of excess of the left 
fossa, while the proportion of instances where the two cavities are of 
the same length is much larger. This shows that although the 
inequality of the fossie develops in some cases earl}^, in utero, it does 



NO. 1521. 



MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSM-HRDLICKA. 



183 



not develop in quite a large percentage of cases until in later, post- 
natal life, very likely during the years of the most rapid growth of 
the brain and the skull. However, even in view of these cases of later 
development, it is impossible to regard the unevenness of the anterior 
fossae, with a pronounced tendency to a moderate excess on the right 
side, otherwise than as a principal hereditary character. 

As further data show, the predominance in length of the right 
frontal fossa is already well marked in those anthropoid apes that stand 
nearest to man; and it also occurs occasionally in monkeys and other 
mammals. It is therefore a rather widely shared and ancient feature. 

The actual differences in length of the cavities, while often small, 
are in some cases very decided as shown in the following table. It may 
be stated here that none of the small inequalities were included in the 
lists unless clearly established by the sharp-pointed, straight-branched 
compass, measurements with which are free from error. 

Absolute differences in length of the anterior fossse; right fossa the longer in cases: 



Subjects. 


0.5 mm. 


1 mm. 


1.5 mm. 


2 mm. 


2.5 mm. 


3 mm. 


3.5 mm. 4.0 mm. 


Above 
4 mm. 


Human adults 


9 

6 
2 

1 


14 

9 
2 

1 


15 



2 




6 

4 

1 




1 







5 







5 1 







aS 


Human fetuses and young 

children 

Apes 






Monkeys and other mam- 
mals . 










Absolute differences in length of the anterior fossse; left fossa the longer in cases: 



Subjects. 


0.6 mm. 


1 mm. 


1.5 mm. 


2 mm. 


2.5 mm. 


3 mm. 


3.5 mm. 


Above 
3.5 mm. 


Human adults 


3 

3 


5 




3 

1 



1 




1 




2 




1 







Human fetuses and young children . 
Apes 







al=4.5 mm.; 1=5.5 mm.; 1=7.5 mm. 

The inequalities are greater in favor of the right fossa; they are of 
a smaller and restricted range in the young; they show a fair latitude 
in the anthropoid apes, but are very small in the lower mammals 
examined. 

Form of skull and race, it was found, are apparently not factors in 
the development of the differences in length of the two cavities, and 
the same is probabl}^ true of sex. A reference to the detailed tables 
will also show that among human and anthropoid ape adults there is 
no regular correspondence between the variation in the relation to 
each other of the two frontal fossse and the dimensions of the cranium. 

The next point of importance to be cleared is the relation of the 
mean absolute length of the anterior fossse to the size of the skull. 
Are they not only absolutely but also relatively larger in skulls of great 
size, and the opposite — or is the difference confined only to their abso- 



184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxxii. 

lute proportions? In this instance the fossae can be advantageous!}^ 
contrasted with the greatest antero-posterior(glabello-occipital) cranial 
diameter, one of the most familiar of skull measurements. 

There are in all 60 skulls (3 series each of 20 specimens) of white 
males and 30 (3 series each of 10 specimens) of white females. Tak- 
ing the 9 largest^ and the 9 smallest (3 of each from each series) of the 
former and the 6 largest and 6 smallest (2 of each from each series) of 
the latter group, we find the following conditions as regards the 
length of the frontal cavities: 

Relation of the length of the anterior fossse to the greatest external length of the skull, in 

crania of extreme sizes, in whites. 

Males. Females. 
Average relation of the mean length of the two anterior fossae to the 
greatest external cranial diameter, the latter being taken as 100, in 

the largest skulls 26. 5 26. 7 

Extremes 24. 5-28. 4 25. 6-28. 6 

The same in the smallest skulls 27. 1 28. 7 

Extremes 25. 3-28. 9 25. 8-30. 6 

The differences are not large, and the detail data showed individual 
exceptions to be quite numerous; nevertheless both the average values 
and the extremes plainly indicate a predominance of relatively longer 
frontal fossae in the smallest and of relatively shorter frontal cavities 
in the largest crania. 

Very much the same conditions as in whites were found in this regard 
also among the Indians and the negroes, namel}^: 

Relation of the length of the anterior fossse to the greatest external length of the skull in 
crania of extreme sizes in the Indians and negroes. 

Males. Females. 
Average relation of the mean length of the two anterior fossse to the greatest 
external cranial diameter in the largest skulls: 

6 Indians (3 of each series) • 26. 3 

3 negroes 26. 8 

2 negroes '. 28. 2 

The same in the smallest skulls: 

6 Indians (3 of each series) 26.5 

3 negroes : 28. 3 

2 negroes 28. 6 

The preceding figures are open to one objection — the external length 
of the skull, to which lengths of the fossse were compared, includes 
two walls of bony tissue, and it is not certain that the proportion of 
the measurement due to this tissue, known to differ in the sexes and 
races, is the same with the large as well as the small skulls. The 
larger this proportion of bony substance the smaller must be the 
relative length of the fossae, and the opposite. It was actually found, 
by comparing the dorsal with the ventral length, that in most of the 
series the amount of bone entering into the composition of the 
greatest external antero-posterior diameter of the skull is larger in 

fi' The size of the skull being determined by the mean of its greatest length and 
breadth ; height was not obtainable in most cases, but there were no extremes. 



NO. 1521. 



MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSS^—HRDLICKA. 



185 



the spacdous than in the small crania. The comparison of the two 
diameters, the mean ventral length being* taken as 100, was as follows: 

Relation between the greater dorsal and mean ventral length of the skull. 



Skulls. 



White males 

White females 

Indian males 

Negroes, both sexes 



No. of 
spec- 
imens. 



In the largest 
skulls. 


No. of 
spec- 
imens. 


108. 5 : 100 
109. 9 : 100 
109.2:100 1 
110. 6 : 100 i 

1 


6 
6 
6 
5 



In the small- 
est skulls. 



108. 5 : 100 
108. 5 : 100 
108. 2 : 100 
108. 8 : 100 



These differences make it necessary to contrast the length of the 
fossae in skulls of extreme sizes with the ventral rather than dorsal 
length of the skull, b}" doing which the following proportions are 
obtained (the mean ventral maximum antero-posterior diameter being 
taken as 100): 

3fean length of the anterior fossx compared with mean ventral length of skull in the largest 

and smallest adult crania. 



Skulls. 


Number of specimens. 


In the 

largest 
skulls. 


Number of specimens. 


In the 

smallest 

skulls. 


White males 


6 (2 of each series) . . . 
do 


28.4 
29.7 
28.8 


6 (2 of each series) ... 
do 


29.9 


White females 


30,9 


Indian males 


do 


6 (3 of each series) ... 
5 (3 males, 2 females) . 


28.65 


Negroes, both sexes 


5 (3 males, 2 females) . 


30.3 


31.0 







The differences are somewhat smaller than when the fossae were 
compared with the external cranial length, in all except the white 
males; but in all of the groups, with the exception of the Indian males, 
the average of the relative proportions of the frontal cavities in the 
smallest skulls remains perceptibly above that in the largest speci- 
mens. The conclusion before reached of a predominance of relatively 
longer anterior fossae in the smallest than in the largest crania is 
hereby confirmed. 

The same interesting fact can also be brought out by contrasting 
the size of the skull with a number of the largest and smallest relative 
values of the anterior cavities. This procedure^ gives the following 
results in the different groups of adult crania: 

9 skulls of white males with the highest relative length & of the anterior fossae. . 16. 5 
9 skulls of white males with the lowest relative length of the anterior fossae . . . 16. 9 
6 skulls of white females with the highest relative length of the anterior fossae. 15. 4 
6 skulls of white females with the lowest relative length of the anterior fossae. . 15. 8 
4 skulls of Indian males with the highest relative length of the anterior fossae. . 15. 5 

4 skulls of Indian males with the lowest relative length of the anterior fossae. . . 15. 9 

5 skulls of negroes with the highest relative length of the anterior fossae 15. 8 

5 skulls of negroes with the lowest relative length of the anterior fossae 16. 1 

« Represented by the mean of the greatest external length and breadth of the skulls. 
& That is, the highest relation of the mean length of the two fossae to the maxi- 
mum antero-posterior (glabello-occipital) diameter of the skull. 



186 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXIl, 



It is seen that throughout, in adults, the relatively longer anterior 
fossae correspond to smaller skulls, and the opposite. The Indian and 
negro, and the sex, are no exception; apparently the phenomenon is 
general in the whole human famil3\ Individual cases not agreeing 
with the rule were met with in all the groups, but were not very 
numerous. The immediate cause of the condition, upon which more 
light will be thrown in later paragraphs, can only be a slightly less 
capacity, or rather necessity, of growth in length of the frontal fossae 
than that of growth in length of the rest of the cranium. This can 
in all probability be applied also to the growth of the frontal lobes 
of the cerebrum, an indication of a relatively greater expansion of 
the other portions of the organ, containing the motor and sensory 
areas, in the course of development. 

It remains to consider the proportions of the anterior fossae in adults 
and young, men and animals, sexes, races, and different cranial forms. 
For these purposes the mean length of the two fossae may be compared 
again with the greatest external cranial diameter. The following 
table presents in a succinct form the results. Only those skulls are 
here included in which both fossae could be measured, which removes 
some possible causes of error. 

Length proportions of anterior fossas in relation to greatest external length of the skull. 



Subjects. 



Adults: 

Whites, males — 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Whites, females— 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Indians, males — 

Dolichocephals 

Brachycephals 

Negroes- 
Males, dolicho- and mesocephals . . . 

Females, dolicho- and mesocephals. 
Fetuses and young: 

White fetuses and children, brachycephals 
Colored fetuses and children: 

Brachycephals 

Dolicho- and mesocephals 

Anthropoid apes: 

Chimpanzees 

Orangs 

Gibbons 

Monkeys and lemurs: 

Macacus pelops 

Cebus hypoleucus ..."". 

Alouata senicula 

Midas 

Lemur varius 





Average 


Average 


Num- 
ber of 
skulls. 


external 
maxi- 
mum 

length of 


mean 
length of 

the 2 
anterior 




skull. 


fossae. 




cm. 


mm. 


14 


19.4 


52.7 


11 


18.7 


51.5 


11 


18.2 


49.8 


5 


17.8 


48.2 


6 


17.8 


49.7 


6 


17.3 


48.6 


10 


18.3 


46.6 


10 


16.9 


45.4 


14 


38.6 


50.6 


5 


17.7 


50.1 


10 
10 










20 









11.9 


39.0 


G 


11.0 


36.2 


4 


7.5 


27.3 


1 


8.2 


29.5 


1 


7.5 


23.2 


1 


7.0 


23.0 


1 


4.1 


13.0 


] 


6.0 


22.0 



Average relation 
of the length of 
the fossae to the 

dorsal length 
of the skull, 

and extremes. 



27.2 (25.3-28.8) 
27.5 (24.3-30.2) 

27.3 (24.5-30.9) 

27.1 (24.6-30.6) 

28.1 (26.1-30-6) 

28.2 (25.fr-31.2) 

25.5 (22.7-29.6) 

26.8 (24.4-28.5) 

27.3 (25.3-30.7) 

28.3 (26.2-30.2) 

31.1 (28.&-35.0) 

30.9 (27.5-35.7) 

30.6 (26.1-35.6) 

32.9 (31.4-34.0) 

30.4 (28.2-32.8) 

36.2 (35.0-37.3) 

36.0 
30.0 
32.9 
31.7 
36.7 



The above data certainly reveal interesting conditions. 
The relative length of the anterior fossae is in general decidedly 
greater in fetuses and young than in adults; the antero-posterior 



NO. 1521. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSS.^-HRDLICKA. 187 

development of the frontal cavities, therefore, lags behind the devel- 
opment of the rest of the skull in the same direction throughout 
growth. This harmonizes well with the relatively small frontal fossae 
in many of the largest adult crania. A remarkable diminution in the 
relative length of the anterior fossae takes place during fetal growth 
itself. Thus, in the six smallest fetuses and the six largest children,^ 
the mean lengths of the fossae were toward the greatest external length 
of the skull, respectively as 32.9 (28.0-35.0) and 30.1 (28.0-33.1) to 
100. Individual variation is quite pronounced at all stages of life. 

The differences, in man and lower mammals, between the length of 
the anterior fossae as related to the greatest external length of the 
skull are much like those between human adults and young. In all 
the species of animals examined, the anthropoid apes included, the 
relative length of the frontal cavities is greater than thai; in human 
adults; in a few instances it is even greater than in the human young. 
If the anterior lobes of the brain correspond in dimensions to the ante- 
rior fossae, as we believe, the facts shown by the figures relating to 
the young, and especially to the other mammals than man, mean a 
striking change in our notions concerning the relative size of those 
parts of the cerebrum in the beings involved. There are differences 
between the various species of anthropoid apes and monkeys, but from 
the small number of specimens it is impossible to conclude how far 
these differences are characteristic of definite groups. 

As to sexes, the females, both among the whites and negroes, show 
on the whole, relatively longer anterior fossae than the males. This 
difference is not large and agrees with the smaller size of the female 
skull. The female sex appears in this, as in so many other features, 
slightly nearer the infantile conditions. 

The racial differences in the frontal cavities are of a peculiar nature. 
In whites and negroes the relative proportions of the anterior fossae, 
as contrasted with the length of the skull, are practically alike, but in 
the Indian they are decidedly smaller. The latter condition is not due 
to a large development of the Indian skulls ; in fact these are smaller 
than either those of the whites or those of the negroes of the same 
sex. 

There are certain differences in the relative length of the anterior 
fossae between dolichocephalic and brachycephalic crania, the pro- 
portion being in all the groups slightly higher in average in the 
latter than in the former. No clear reason for this has been arrived 
at. The series overlap to a considerable extent through individual 
irregularities. 

The familiar greatest antero-posterior (glabello-occipital) diameter 
has proved very serviceable for contrasting the dimensions of the 

« For sizes see detailed tables at the end of the paper. Only one of the children 
reached as high as about the sixth year of age. All the others were much younger. 



188 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxii. 



anterior fossae, but certain objections, valid and partly shown before, 
are liable to be raised against it.'^ It is therefore advisable to con- 
trast the length of the cavities in all the series also with the mean 
ventral diameter of the crania.^ The next table gives the relations 
of the mean of the two frontal fossae with the mean ventral length of 
the skulls in all the groups dealt with in the preceding list, and it will 
be seen that, though the figures differ a little, the results are substan- 
tially identical. 

Mean length of the anterior cranial fossse in relation to the mean of the right and left 

greatest ventral diameters of the skull. 



Subjects. 



Adults: 

Whites, males— 

Dolichocephals •. 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Whites, females — 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Indians, males— 

Dolichocephals .\ 

Brachycephals 

Negroes — 

Males, dolicho- and mesocephals 

Females, dolicho- and mesocephals 

Fetuses and young: 

White fetuses and children, brachycephals. . 
Colored fetuses and children, brachycephals 

Dolicho- and mesocephals 

Anthropoid apes: 

Chimpanzees 

Orangs 

Gibbons 

Monkeys and lemurs: 

Macacuspelops 

Cebus hypoleucus 

Alouata senicula 

Midas 

Lemur varius 

other mammals: 

Ursus americanus 

Deer 



Num- 
ber of 
skulls. 



5 
6 

4 

10 
10 

13 
4 

9 

10 
20 

2 
6 
4 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 



Average 
relation of 

the fossae 
(mean ven- 
tral length 
=100). 



29.3 
29.5 
29.6 

29.4 
30.4 
30.0 

28.0 
29.5 

30.4 
31.0 

33.1 
32.2 
32.3 

35.3 
34.4 
37.5 

38.3 
34.7 
39.1 
33.1 

41.5 
38.4 
34.1 



Average 
relation of 
the fossse 
(greatest 
external 
length= 
100). 



27.2 
27.5 
27.3 

27.1 
28.1 
28.2 

25.5 
26.8 

27.3 
28.3 

31.1 
30.9 
30.6 

32.9 
30.4 
36.2 

36.0 
30.0 
32.9 
31.7 

36.7 



Num- 
ber of 
skulls. 



14 
11 
11 

5 
6 
6 

10 
10 

14 
5 

10 
10 
20 

2 
6 
4 

' 1 
1 
1 
1 



The position of the Indian is seen in this table in a clearer light, 
and the same is true of the negro, the former appearing nearer to 
the white man and the latter nearer to less developed forms of crania. 
The exceptional position of the gibbons among the anthropoid apes, 
and of the macaque, alouata, and lemur in the following group, remains 
accentuated. 

The correlation of the anterior with the other fossae of the skull 
will be treated of later on. 



« Varying dimensions of the glabella and occipital ridges ; the point chosen in 
apes instead of glabella ; the varying thickness of bone included. 
• & Average of the greatest internal length of the right and left side. 



NO. 1521. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSM—HRDLICKA. 



189 



MIDDLE FOSS^. 

The absolute average length of the middle fossse in human adults 
shows as follows: 

Middle fossse: Average length in adults. 





Males. 


Females. 


Race. 


Dolichoceph- 

als. 


Mesocephals. 


Brachyceph- 
als. 


Dolichoceph- 

als. 


Mesocephals. 


Brachyceph- 
als. 




be 




bo 


1-; 


he 

■(3 


►-5 


4-5 

to 


4J 


-a 




bo 


-1^ 

1-^ 


Whites 

Indians 


mm. 
(14) 
54.9 

(10) 
53.3 

(14) 
53.4 


mm. 

54.8 
(a-0.1) 

51.8 

(a-1.5) 

53.5 

(a+0.1) 


mm. 

(11) 
55.3 


mm. 

55.1 

(a-0.2) 


mm. 

(11) 
55.4 

(10) 
53.6 


mm. 

56.5 
(a+1.1) 

51.9 

(a-1.7) 


mm. 

(5) 
51.3 


mm. 

50.7 
(a-0.6) 


mm. 

(6) 

52.7 


mm. 

52.1 
(a-0.6) 


mm. 

(6) 

51.4 


mm. 

51.4 

(a 4—0) 


Negroes 






(5) 
49.8 


49.6 

(a-0.2) 



























a Differences from the right fossa. 

The cavities, it is seen, are slightly longer than the anterior ones (in 
the proportion of 108 to 100 — a detailed comparison in a future para- 
graph). There is again a predominance in the length of the right fossa, 
but it is not as great or equally frequent as in the case of the anterior 
fossse. 

Length of middle fossa on the two sides in human adults. 



Skulls. 


Right middle 
fossa longer 
(per cent of 

cases). 


Middle fossae 

of equal 

length (per 

cent of cases). 


Left middle 

fossa longer 

(percent of 

cases). 


16 adults, whites, males, dolichocephals 


31 
43 
40 
60 
43 
33 
70 
50 
47 
33 


37 

21 
33 
12 
29 
50 
20 
40 
27 
22 


31 


14 adults, whites, males, mesocephals 


36 


15 adults, whites, males, brachycephals 


27 


8 adults, whites, females, dolichocephals 


37 


7 adults, whites, females, mesocephals 


29 


6 adults, whites, females, brachycephals 


- 17 


10 adults, Indians, males, dolichocephals 


10 


10 adults, Indians, males, brachycephals 


10 


15 adults, Negroes, males, dolichocephals 


27 


9 adults, Negroes, females, dolichocephals 


44 






Total (110 skulls) 


44 


29 


27 







With the anterior fossse the conditions were: Right longer, 63.5; equal, 20.5; and left longer, 16 per 
cent. 

In the skulls of the fetuses and young, and in those of anthropoid 
apes and other mammals, the results differ from those in human adults. 
There were among: • 

Length of middle fossa on the two sides in human fetuses, etc. 



Skulls. 



40 human fetuses and young . 

13 anthropoid apes . . . ! 

7 other mammals 



The right 

middle 

fossa 

longer. 



Pel' cent. 
35 
69 
29 



Middle 
fossse 
equal. 



Per cent. 
50 
23 
43 



The left 
middle 

fossa 
longer. 



Per cent. 



15 

8 

29 



190 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 



These figures show again, as did similar data with the anterior fosssB 
(q. v.). that in the fetuses and young the proportion of cases where 
either the right or the left cavity is longer is much smaller than in the 
adults, and points to the fact that irregularities are to a large extent of 
later development. In the anthropoid apes I find a higher differen- 
tiation in the middle fossae than in the human young, similarly as with 
the anterior cavities. 

The actual differences between the middle fossae ranged thus: 

Absolute differences in length of the middle fossse; right fossa the longer in cases: 



Subjects. 


0.5 mm. 


1 mm. 


1.5 mm. 


2 mm. 


2.5 mm. 


3 mm. 


3.5 mm. 


4 mm. 


Above 
4 mm. 


Human adults 


5 
1 
3 

1 


17 
9 

4 

1 


6 
2 





11 
2 
1 




3 

1 




3 







1 






1 






a I 


Human fetuses and young. . 
Anthropoid apes : . 






Monkeys and other mam- 
mals 










a 6.5 mm. 
Absolute differences in length of the middle fossse; left fossa the longer in cases: 



Subjects. 


0.5mm. 


1 mm. 


1.5mm. 


2 mm. 


2.5mm. 


3 mm. 


3.5mm. 


4 mm. 


Above 
4 mm. 


Human adults 


3 
2 


1 


11 
4 

1 

1 


2 






5 






1 







3 






2 






2 






al 


Human fetuses and young. . 
Anthropoid apes 






Monkeys and other mam- 
mals 










a 5.5 mm. 

The conditions disclosed by the above figures are such that almost 
the exact words which were used in describing the differences in the 
anterior fossse are applicable. In this case, as there, the range of dif- 
ferences is somewhat greater with the right fossa; the inequalities 
are smaller in the young; they show a range of fair extent in the 
anthropoid apes, though the skulls are less than half the size of full- 
grown human crania, and they are very small in the monkeys and 
other mammals. 

The form of the skull may have some slight connection in this case 
with the differences in the length of the cavities. In three of the series 
(white females, Indians, negroes) the right fossa is longer than the 
left in a larger percentage of the dolichocephals than of the brachy- 
cephals (in dolichocephals in 50, 70, 47 per cent; in brachycephals, 
respectively, in 33, 50, and 33 per cent of cases). Race may also be a 
factor, for a larger proportion of cases with longer right middle fossa 
is found among the Indians than in any of the other series. As to sex, 
no influence on the difference between the lengths of the two middle 
cavities is apparent. 

A comparison of the inequalities in length in the middle with those 
of the anterior fossse reveals the fact that these disproportions can be 



N0.1521. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSM—HRDLICKA. 191 

only in a limited number of cases compensatory in nature; in a large 
percentage of the crania there is no trace of a correlation. The fol- 
lowing conditions exist in this regard among the human adults: 

Per cent 
of cases. 

Anterior fossae of equal length, middle fossae of equal length 4. 3 

Anterior fossae of equal length, right middle fossa longer than left 10, 9 

Anterior fossae of equal length, right middle fossa shorter than left 5. 4 

Right anterior fossa longer than left — 

middle fossae equal 20. 7 

right middle fossa longer than left 29. 3 

right middle fossa shorter than left 13. 

Right anterior fossa shorter than left — 

middle fossae equal 4. 3 

right middle fossa longer than left 8. 7 

right middle fossa shorter than left 3. 3 

The only two series of cases where a compensation between the 
length of the anterior and middle fossa of the same side may exisit 
(that is, ' ' the right anterior fossa longer than the left — the right middle 
fossa shorter than the left," and the opposite) embrace only 13 and 
8.7, in total 21.7 per cent, or about one-fifth of all the skulls exam- 
ined. On the other hand, a greater length of both the anterior and 
middle fossa on the same side was present in 29.3 per cent (right side) 
and 3.3 per cent (left side), in all 32.6 per cent, or ahnost one-third, of 
the crania. These facts show that the dimensions of one pair of the 
fossae in question are to a large extent independent of those of the 
other pair, which make it plain that they are not due to conditions 
inherent in the bones themselves, but to those pertaining to the brain. 

The relations which the mean length of the two middle fossae bear 
to the size of the skull are indicated in the figures below. As with the 
anterior cavities, the size of the skull was judged from the mean of its 
greatest length and breadth; the fossae were contrasted with the great- 
est external as well as the mean ventral length. The specimens 
selected for this comparison were the same as with the frontal fossae 
on a similar occasion. 



Average relations of the mean length of the two middle fosssc to the greatest dorsal and mean 
ventral length of the skull {each of these diameters being each taken as 100), in the largest 
and smallest skulls of the series. 







In the largest 




In the smallest 






crania — 




crania — 




Number of speci- 




Number of speci- 




Subject. 










mens. 


vs. ex- 


vs. in- 


mens. 


vs. ex- 


vs. in- 






ternal 


ternal 




ternal 


ternal 






length. 


length. 




length. 


length. 


Adults: 














White males 


6 (2 of each series) . 


28.9 


31.2 


6 (2 of each series) 


27.5 


29.9 


White females 


6 (2 of each series) . 


27.7 


30.4 


6 (2 of each series) 


29.6 


32.3 


Indian males 


6 (3 of each series) . 


26.3 


28.8 


6 (3 of each series) . . . 


26.5 


28.6 


Negroes, both sexes 


5 (3 males, 2 females) 


27.4 


30.3 


5 (3 males, 2 females). 


28.5 


31.0 



192 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 



The conditions are irregular. The length of the middle fossae in 
the smallest skulls exceeds that in the largest specimens among the 
white males and in the negroes; in the white females the facts are the 
reverse; while in the Indians the differences are immaterial. Much 
larger numbers of cases would probably clear up the matter; as it is, it 
is necessary to reserve conclusions. 

The differences in the absolute and relative length proportions of 
the middle fossae between adults and young, in man and animals, in the 
sexes, in races, and various forms of the skull, are contrasted in the 
table that follows: 

Length proportions of middle fossse in relation to greatest external length of the skull. 



Subjects. 



Adults: 

White males— 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

White females — 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Indian males — 

Dolichocephals 

Brachycephals 

Negroes — 

Males, dolicho- and mesocephals 

Females, dolicho- and mesoce 
phals 



Fetuses and young 

White, brachycephals 

Colored , brachycephal s 

Colored, dolicho- and mesocephals 
Anthropoid apes: 

Chimpanzees 

Orangs 

Gibbons 

Monkeys and lemurs: 

Macacus pelops 

Cebus hypoleucus — 

Alouata senicula 

Midas 

Lemur varius 





Average 


Average 

mean 

length of 

the two 

middle 

fossse. 


Num- 
ber of 
skulls. 


dorsal 

maximum 

length of 

skull. 




cm. 


7nm. 


14 


19.4 


54.9 


11 


18.7 


55.2 


11 


18.2 


55.9 


5 


17.8 


51.0 


6 


17.8 


52.4 


6 


17.3 


51.4 


10 


18.3 


52.5 


10 


16.9 


52.7 


14 


18.6 


53.6 


5 

40 
10 


17.7 

9.1 
7.9 


49.7 

26.2 
24.4 


30 


9.2 


26.6 


20 


9.7 


26.9 


2 


11.9 


38.5 


6 


11.9 


37.1 


4 


7.5 


24.2 


1 


8.2 


28.5 


1 


7.5 


24.0 


1 


7.0 


25.7 


1 


4.1 


15.2 


1 


6.0 


22.5 



Average 
relation of 
the length 
of the 
fossse to 
the dorsal 
length of 
the skull. 



28.3 
29.4 
30.7 

28.6 
29.5 
29.8 

28.7 
31.2 

28,8 

28.1 

28.8 
30.7 
28.9 
27.8 

32.3 
31.1 
32.0 

34.7 
32.0 
36.8 
37.2 
37.5 



Average 

relation of 

the length 

of the 

fossse to 
the ventral 

length of 

the skull. 



Num- 
ber of 
skulls. 



31.9 
32.2 
33.9 

31.4 
33.0 
32.0 

31.5 
34.3 

31.9 

31.1 



10 
14 
10 

10 
9 
5 

10 
10 

13 



30.2 


39 


32.1 


9 


30.1 


10 


29.3 


20 


34.8 


2 


35.3 


6 


33.2 


4 


37.0 




35.8 




43.8 




38.8 




42.4 





Contrary to what was witnessed with the frontal fossse, the middle 
cavities in the human young (particularly in the dolicho- and mesoce- 
phalic colored fetuses) show somewhat smaller relative proportions 
than in the adults. The increase in their relative value within the 
series, from the smallest to the largest fetuses, is ver}^ irregular. 

In anthropoid apes the middle fossse are relatively slightly longer, 
in the monkeys and lemurs decidedly longer, than in any of the human 
series. They differ most widely in this from the human young. 

In sexes the relative proportions of the middle cavities differ quite 
immaterially. Neither are there any great racial differences, though 



NO. 1521. 



MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSJE—HRDLICKA. 



193 



it should be noted that the Indian male brachycephals show the max- 
imum and the negro dolichocephals the minimum proportions. 

There are, however, even more so than with the frontal cavities 
(q. v.), differences of the relative length of the middle fossae in the 
different forms of the skull, this length being throughout smaller in 
the dolichocephals than in the brachycephals, while with the mesoce- 
phals it is mostl}^ intermediary. Even in the young the proportions 
are higher in the short than in the long crania. The differences 
regarding the frontal fossae were, it will be remembered, of a like 
nature, though seemingly of different morphological significance. 

The correlation of the middle with the other fossae will be dealt with 
in a future section. 

POSTERIOR FOSSiE: CEREBRAL PORTION. 

The absolute lengths of these fossae are as indicated in the figures that 
follow. In the three upper lines of the table are represented only those 
skulls in which also all the other fossae could be measured, that is, 
skulls which correspond to those given in tables of absolute measure- 
ments of the middle and frontal cavities; while in the fourth line are the 
lengths of all the pairs of the postero-superior fossae in the skulls 
examined. The two lines of figures show no great difference. 

Posterior fossse, cerebral part: Average length in adults. 





Males. 


Females. 


♦ 




Dolichoceph- 
als. 


Mesocephals. 


Brachyceph- Dolichoceph- 


Mesocephals. 


Brachyceph- 
als 


Race. 


















-w 




^. 




^. 


^. 




^ 




-1^ 






X, 


^ 


Si 




J5 


-^ 5 




Si 


^ 








6c 


«-i 


be 




tUO 


tr! bo 




bo 


<« 


bo 


«tH 






a> 


'r-{ 


0) 




cu •--< 


a) 








01 




A 


^ 


tf 


hJ 


P^ 


J P5 


a 


« 


a 


S 


yA 




mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. i m.m. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 




(14) 




(11) 




(11) 


1 (5) 




(6) 




(6) 




Whites . 


81.0 


83.2 


79.6 


81 8 


75 9 


78 7 


74 


77 8 


75 8 


78 1 


75 


lb 6 






"(+2.2) 




a(+2.2) 




a(+2.8) 




a(-|-3.8) 




«(+2.3) 




a(-f-0.6) 




(10) 








(10) 
















Indians 


79.2 


82.4 
«(+3.2) 






73.5 


74.1 

a(+0.6 


































(14) 












(5) 








. 




Negroes 


77.3 


80.2 
.«(+2.9) 










74.4 


76.6 

«(+2.2) 
































(20) 




(19) 




(19) 




(10) 




(9) 




(9) 




Whites, all 


























skulls in 


























which the 


























two fossae 


























could be 


























measured . . . 


80.5 


81.7 


78.3 


80.4 


76.3 


78.8 


73.8 


76.8 


76.0 


78.7 


73.6 


75.7 






a(+1.2) 




o(+2.1) 




«(+1.5)^ 


«(+3.0) 




a(+2.7) 




a(+2.1) 



" Difference from the right fossa. 



The most striking feature of the above data is the evidence that in 
all the groups and series the left fossa is the longer, which is the 
reverse of what was observed with the middle and especially with the 
Proc. N. M. vol, xxxii— 07 13 



194 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 



anterior cavities; and the differences are in most cases very decided. 
Individually, the cases where the left fossa is not the longer are in 
nearly all the series comparatively infrequent, namel}^; 

Length of postero-superior fossa on the two sides in human adults. 



Skulls. 



Right pos- 
tero-superior 
fossa longer 
(per cent of 
cases) . 



Adults: 

Whites, males— 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals. 

Brachycephals 

Whites, females — 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Indians, males — 

Dolichocephals 

Brachycephals 

Negroes — 

Males, dolichocephals 

Females, dolicho- and mesocephals 



20 
21 



20 
11 
25 

20 
5.0 

20 
40 



Fossae equal 

(per cent of 

cases). 



15 
11 
11 


11 
12 









Left pos- 
tero-superior 
fossa longer 
(percent of 
cases). 



65 
68 
89 

80 
78 
63 

80 
50 

80 
60 



The left fossa is shown to be the longer in from 50 to 90 per cent 
of the cases in the various series, or in over 72 per cent, or nearly 
three-fourths of the crania, if we take all the 130 skulls together. The 
middle fossae, it was seen, showed in 44 per cent, and the anterior 
cavities in 63.5 per cent, an excess in the length on the right side. 

Among the human young and the anthropoid apes, and in other 
mammals, the conditions were as follows: 

Length of postero-superior fossa on the tivo sides in human fetuses, etc. 



Skulls. 



40 human fetuses and young . . . 
13 anthropoid apes 

7 monkeys and other mammals 



Right 




postero- 


Fossse 


superior 
fossa 


equal. 


longer. 




Per cent. 


Per cent. 


17 


45 


15 


23 


43 


14 



Left 
postero- 
superior 

fossa 
longer. 



Per cent. 



37 
62 
43 



In the human young there is a much larger percentage than in adults 
of postero-superior fossse of equal length, showing again, as with the 
middle and anterior cavities, that the inequalities are often of later 
development. In the present case this seems to be true particularly of 
the excess of length on the left side. In the anthropoid apes the con- 
ditions are not much different from those in human adults, which 
indicates that the predominance of excess of length in the left postero- 
superior fossa, and of that portion of the cerebrum which enters into 
it, is an ancient feature which has not been acquired and has scarcely 
been modified in man. Among monkej-s and lower mammals there 
seems to be less regularity in the unevenness of the postero-superior 



NO. 1521. 



MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSAE— HRDLICKA. 



195 



cavities, but the number of cases is not sufficient for any definite 
conclusion. 

The absolute difference in the length of the two postero-superior 
foss83 is often verj^ pronounced, much more so than in the case of the 
frontal and middle cavities. It ranged as follows: 



Absolute differences in 


length of the postero-superior fossse; right fossa 


the longer in cases: 


Subjects, 


0.5 
mm. 


1.0 1.5 
mm. mm. 


2.0 
mm. 


2.5 
mm. 


3.0 
mm. 


3.5 
mm. 


4.0 
mm. 


4.5 
mm. 


5.0 
mm. 


5.5 
mm. 


6.0 
mm. 


6.5 
mm. 


7.0 
mm. 


Over? 
mm. 


Human adults 

Human fetuses and 
young 


5 

1 


■ 1 


6 

5 
1 

2 


4 





4 

1 

1 





3 


1 


1 





2 





1 








a 2 


Anthropoid apes 

Monkeys and other 
mammals . . . 






































. 





































Adsolute differences in length of the postero-superior fossse; right fossa the longer in cases: 



Subjects. 


0.5 
mm 


1.0 
mm. 


1.5 
mm. 


2.0 
mm. 


2.5 
mm. 


3.0 
mm. 


3.5 4.0 
mm. mm. 


4.5 
mm. 


5.0 
mm. 


5.-5 
mm. 


6.0 
mm. 


6.5 
}nm. 


7.0 
mm. 


Over7 
mm. 


Human adults 

Human fetuses and 

young 

Anthropoid apes 

Monkeys and other 

mammals 




2 





14 

5 
1 

1 


7 

1 
2 




7 

5 
1 

2 


12 

1 
1 


5 

1 

2 


6 


12 


3 


4 


10 


5 


3 


2 


ft 2 


1 



























































ag mm. 



bl of 8. 5 mm.; 1 of 11 mm. 



In 25 subjects, it is seen, the inequality in the length of the two 
fossse exceeded half a centimeter, and in one it reached 11 millimeters. 

Those figures of the preceding table that concern human adults can 
be more conveniently expressed in percentages, thus: 

Posterior superior fossae longer by — 

0.5 to 2.0 mm., right in 65.5 per cent, left in 30.4 per cent of cases. 
2.5 to 4.0 mm., right in 17.2 per cent, left in 38.0 per cent of cases. 
4.5 to 6.0 mm,, right in 10.3 per cent, left in 24.0 per cent of cases. 
Above 6.0 mm., right in 6.9 per cent, left in 7.6 per cent of cases. 

The above brings out clearly a predominance of the minor differ- 
ences in that category of cases where the right fossa is longer, and of 
the greater inequalities in the larger class of cases where the left 
fossa exceeds in length. Similar conditions were noticed with the 
middle and the anterior cavities; on the side (in both these instances 
the right) where there was a prevalence of longer fossae, there were 
also noticed greater actual differences in length from the opposite 
cavit}^, and the reverse. 

The influences on the length of the two postero-superior fossse of 
skull-form, sex, and race are not clearly defined; the question might 
possibly be settled by much larger series of skulls. 

A comparison of the length of the postero-superior fossse with the 
combined length of the middle and anterior cavities shows that fre- 
quently the greater length of one of the former stands in what is in 



196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxii. 

all probability compensatory relation with the latter. The following 
conditions existed in this regard among the human adults. 

Per cent 
of cases. 

Anterior (a)+middle (m) fossae of equal length, postero-superior {ps) fossae of 

equal length 

a-f-m of equal length, right ps longer than left 1.1 

a-\-m of equal length, right ps shorter than left 7. 6 

Eight a 4- m longer than left, ps equal 2. 2 

Eight a-\' m longer than left, right ps longer than left 12. 

Eight aArm longer than left, rightps shorter than left 56. 5 

Eight a-\-m shorter than left, ps equal 4.3 

Eight a-\-m short ?r than left, right ps longer than left 6. 5 

Eight a~\-m shorter than left, right ps shorter than left 9. 8 

In 63 (56 + 6.5) per cent of the cases the length of the postero- 
superior fossa stood in an apparently compensatory relation to the joint 
length of the two other cavities of the same side. A certain propor- 
tion of this number of cases, very probably the majority, represents 
a true compensation, the rest being due to conditions inherent in the 
posterior fossge themselves or, more properh", in peculiarities of those 
portions of the cerebrum which fill them. In 2 1.8 (right 12, left 9. 8) 
per cent of the skulls the postero-superior fossa on one side was 
longer, notwithstanding the fact that the sum of the length of the mid- 
dle and anterior cavities on the same side was also longer than that on 
the opposite side. In several of these cases all the three cavities on 
the same side were individually longer than those on the other side of 
the same skull. In no case among the 92 adult human crania were all 
the three fossse of one side exactly equal to those opposite. The ten- 
dency to a greater length of the left postero-superior fossa is very 
pronounced. It accompanies, in the skull, and is the main manifesta- 
tion of, the prevalent greater length of the left cerebral hemisphere. 

The relations born by the mean length of the postero-superior fossse 
to the size of the skull, the latter judged as before, from the mean of 
its greatest length and breadth, are indicated beneath, the specimens 
represented being the same as with the frontal and middle fossse on 
the occasion of similar comparison. 

Average relation of the mean length of the two postero-superior fossse to the greatest dorsal and 
mean ventral length' of the skull ( each of these diameters being taken as 100) in the largest 
and smallest skulls of the series. 





In the largest crania. 


In the smallest crania. 


Skulls. 


No. of 
speci- 
mens. 


vs. exter- 
nal length. 


vs. inter- 
nal length. 


No. of 
speci- 
mens. 


vs. exter- 
nal length. 


vs. inter- 
nal length. 


Adults: 

White males 


6 
6 
6 
5 


43.2 
42.9 
43.8 
41.7 


46.9 
47.2 
47.9 
46.2 


6 
6 
6 
5 


43.1 
43.0 
43.7 
44.0 


46.8 


White females 


46.7 


Indian males 

Negroes, both sexes 


47.3 
47.9 



NO. 1521. 



MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSM-HRDLICKA. 



197 



No regular or substantial difference is apparent. There is no com- 
pensation in this regard between the postero-superior and the anterior 
cavities, which latter, it will be remembered, are relatively shorter 
in the largest than in the smallest crania. 

The absolute and relative length proportions of the postero-superior 
fossae, contrasted between adults and young, man and animals, sexes, 
races, and in the main cranial forms, are presented in the folio wing table: 

Length proportions of postero-superior fossse in relation to greatest external length of the skull. 



Subjects. 



Adults: 

Whites, males — 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Braohycephals 

Whites, females — 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Indians, males — 

Dolichocephals 

Brachycephals 

Negroes — 

Males, dolicho- and meso- 
cephals 

Females, dolicho- and meso 
cephals 

Human fetuses and young 

Anthropoid apes: 

Chimpanzees 

Orangs 

Gibbons 

Monkeys and lemurs: 

Macacus pelops 

Cebus hypoleucus 

Alouata senicula 

Midas 

Lemur varius 



Num- 
ber of 
skulls. 



14 
11 
11 

5 
6 
6 

10 
10 



14 

5 

40 

2 
6 

4 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 



Average 

external 

maximum 

length of 

skull. 



19.4 

18,7 
18.2 

17.8 
17.8 
17.3 

18.3 
16.9 



18.6 

17.7 

9.1 

11.9 
11.9 

7.5 

8.2 
7.5 
7.0 
4.1 
6.0 





Average 


Average 


relation of 


mean 


the length 


length of 


of the fos- 


the two pos- 


■ sse to the 


tero-supe- 


dorsal 


rior fossae. 


length of 




the skull. 


mm. 




82.1 


42.4 


80.7 


43.0 


77.3 


42.4 


75.9 


42.6 


76.9 


43.3 


75.3 


43.5 


80.8 


44.2 


73.8 


43.6 


78.7 


42.4 


75.5 


42.7 


41.1 


44.5 


49.8 


41.7 


51.0 


42.8 


30.8 


40.7 


32.5 


39.6 


28.0 


37.3 


24.5 


35.0 


16.5 


40.2 


17.3 


28.7 



Average 
relation of 
the length 
of the fos- 
sae to the 
ventral 
length of 
the skull. 



45.9 
46.0 
46.4 

45.8 
46.8 
47.4 

48.5 
48.0 



46.7 

46.9 

46.9 

45.0 
48.5 
42.3 

42.2 
41.8 
41.7 
42.0 
32.5 



Num- 
ber of 
skulls. 



10 
14 
10 

10 
9 
5 

10 
10 



13 



39 

2 
6 
4 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 



The average relative proportions of the postero-superior cavities 
differ, it is seen, but little between human adults and the young; taken 
as a whole, the middle f ossie presented a moderate, the frontal cavities 
a marked, diversity at the two periods of life. If we compare the rela- 
tive proportions of the postero-superior fossse in the smallest fetuses 
of the series, namel}^ in those where the vertex-breech length was less 
than 20 cm. with those where it was above that, we find somewhat 
different conditions, as shown in the following table: 



Case. 


Vertex-breech 
length in centi- 
meters. 


Relation of the mean length 
of the postero-superior fos- 
sae to the— 


dorsal length 
of, the skull. 


mean ventral 

length of the 

skull. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
G 


5.2 
8.3 
15.9 
17.4 
17.6 
19.9 


33.3 
41.7 
37.6 
40.6 
37.6 
44.7 


42.4 
47.2 
40.4 
44.8 
40.9 
45.4 



198 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 



The relation to the dorsal length of the skull is in these cases proba - 
bly the more reliable, as the ventral length can easily and impercepti- 
bly be augmented a little by the relaxation of the bones consequent 
upon the removal of the parietals, which constituted the method of 
opening the small skulls. However, compared to either the external 
or internal cranial length, the fossse are in the majority of the cases 
shown to be smaller than during later development. In fetuses in 
which the vertex-breech length is above 20 cm. the relative dimen- 
sions of the fossae are much more like those in adults, showing that 
the attainment of their full relative length takes place very earl3\ 

In anthropoid apes, monkeys, and lemur, with the sole exception of 
the orang, the postero- superior cavities are relatively shorter than in 
human adults, agreeing in this respect with what exists in the earlier 
stages of fetal life in man. The proportions are particularly low in 
the lemur. 

No definite difference in the relative length of the postero-superior 
cavities appears in the sexes. Among races, they are longest in the 
Indian, the whites and negroes being' near alike. As to the main 
cranial forms, among whites the fossae are in both sexes in the average 
slightly longer in the meso- than in the dolichocephals, and still longer 
in the brachycephals, while among the Indians and the young it is the 
fossae in the dolichocephals that are slightly longer. The differences 
in this respect are, however, throughout too small to be of much sig- 
nificance; besides, individual exceptions are numerous in all the series. 

THE THREE CEREBRAL FOSSiE CONSIDERED TOGETHER. 

The sum of the lengths of the three cerebral fossae on each side shows 
this interesting distribution : 

Sum of lengths of cerebral fossse. 



Subjects. 



Whites, males: 

Dolichocephuls 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals . . .". 

Whites, females: 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Indians, males: 

Dolichocephals 

Brachycephals 

Negroes, males: 

Dolicho- and mesocephals 
Negroes, females: 

Dolicho- and mesocephals 

Human fetuses and young 

Anthropoid apes 

Monkeys and lemur 




[a, anterior; m, middle; ps, postero-superior fossa.] 



N0.152J. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSjE—HRDLldKA. 



199 



In seven of the ten series of human adults the average of the sum 
of the lengths of the three cerebral fossae on the left exceeds that of 
the right side by from 1 to 3 millimeters. There is therefore a clear, 
though small, excess of fossal length on the left in the mass of human 
adult crania. In two series the averages are equal ; while in one 
series, the brachy cephalic Indians, an excess (2 mm.) is shown for the 
right side. In the human young, anthropoid apes, and monkeys, the 
difference in the averages are nil, or not exceeding half a millimeter. 

Individually the sum of the lengths of the three fossae on each side 
was as follows : 

Combined length of cerebral fossie on the two sides. 



Subjects. 



Whites, males: 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Braehycephals 

Whites, females : 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Braehycephals 

Indians, males : 

Dolichocephals 

Braehycephals 

Negroes, males : 

Dolicho- to mesocephals , 
Negroes, females : 

Dolicho- to mesocephals.. 



Human fetuses and young. 

Anthropoid apes 

Monkeys and lemur 



Right a + m+ 

ps longer 
than left in — 


Equal 


in — 


Per cent. 
14 
36 
45 


Per cent. 
21 





33 
50 




20 



17 


30 
60 





20 


21 




14 


40 







50 




25 


46 
50 




23 
17 



Lefta+m+ps 

longer than 

right in — 



Per cent. 



04 
64 
55 

80 
66 
33 

70 
20 

64 

60 

25 

31 
33 



[a, anterior; m, middle; ps, postero-superior fossa.] 

These figures reveal several facts of some importance. Among the 
human adults the braehycephals show all through a remarkably 
greater proportion of larger fossal length on the right and smaller on 
the left side than the mesocephals, and especially the dolichocephals. 
And similarly large percentage of longer right fossal length exists in 
the human young, the anthropoid apes, and the monkeys and lemur. 
Sex shows no particular difference, and the influence of race is small, 
if any. The braehycephals stand in this feature decidedlv nearer the 
human young and the other primates than man, than the dolichoceph- 
als. It is, of course, possible that the prevalence of a greater fossal 
length on the right side is due to different causes in these several 
groups, but more likel}^ there is some relation in these phenomena. 



LOFC 



200 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII 



The actual differences in the combined fossal length ranged thus: 

Anterior, middle, and poslero-superlor fossiv longer than tJie same of the opposite side. 



Subjects. 


0.5 
mm. 


0.1 
mm. 


1.5 
mm. 


2.0 
mm. 


2.5 
mm. 


3.0 
mm. 


6 


1 


3.5 
mm. 

1 
1 





4.0. 
mm. 


4.5. 
mm. 


5.0. 
mm. 


5.5. 
mm. 


6.0. 
mm. 


Above 
6.0. 
mm. 


Human adults:! 

Right longer cases.. 

Left longer do 

Human young: 

Right longer do 

Left longer do 

Anthropoid apes: 

Right longer do 


8 
6. 

4 
•3 

1 

1 

3 




5 
6 

7 
3 

4 
1 


1 
4 

2 

1 

1 
1 




8 

5 
1 


2 
2 

2 
1 


4 
5 





2 
1 





2 

5 





1 

2 





1 






a2 
63 





Left longer do 

Monkeys and lemur: 

Right longer do 

Left longer do 


1 







































1 


1 








































« 1 = 6.5 mm. ; 1 = 7 mm. 



''1 = 6.5 mm.; 1 = 8 mm.; 1=12 mm. 



The greatest of the differences among the human adults are on the 
left side; also the proportion of cases with large difl'erences is greater 
where the left combined fossal length is greater. In the human j^oung 
the differences are smaller, showing that the peculiarity is to quite a 
large degree of later development, which agrees with what was 
observed with all the individual cavities. Jn anthropoid apes and 
monkeys the differences are relatively small, exceeding in no case 2 
millimeters. 

It remains to show how the combined fossal length agrees with the 
greatest ventral length of the skull of the same side. The succeeding 
table gives the averages of the right and left ventral antero-posterior 
diameters in human adults. It will be seen that here also, as with the 
a -\- VI -\- ps length the left diameter preponderates in the mass of the 
specimens, and it will also be noticed that in the white brachycephals 
there is scarcely an}^ difference, while in the white dolichocephals, 
both male and female, the inequality is pronounced. 

Ventral antero-posterior maximum diameter of the skull. 





Males. 


Females. 


Subjects. 


Dolichoceph- 
als. 


Mesocephals. 


Brachyceph- 
als. 


Dolichoceph- 
als. 


Mesocephals. 


Brachyceph- 
als. 








bo 
S 




bo 


(U 


bo 




be 

5 




5 
bo 

5 




Whites 

Indians 


cm. 
(8) 
17.5 

(10) 
16.6 

(13) 
16.7 


cm. 
(8) 
17.7 
«(+0.2) 

(10) 
16.7 
«(+0.1) 

(13) 
16.8 
«(+0.1) 


cm. 

(12) 

17.23 


cm. 
(12) 
17.27 
a(+0.04) 


cm. 

(9) 
16.7 

(10) 
15.3 


cm. 
(9) 
16.7 
«(-t--0) 

(10) 
15.4 
"(-fO.l) 


cm. 
(7) 
16.3 


cm. 
(7). 
16.6 

"(+0.3) 


cm. 
(6) 
16.4 


cm. 
(6) 
16.5 
«(+0.1) 


cm. 

(4) 

15.9 


cm. 
(4) 
15.95 
a(-«-0.5) 


Negroes 






(7) 
16.2. 


(7) 
16.1 
«(-0.1) 



























n Difference from the length on the right side. 



K0.1521. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSM-BRDLldKA. 201 

After individual comparison, in the human adult, it is found that the 
relations of the combined fossal, and the ventral length, are as follows: 
Both measurements are alike on the two sides ^' in 14.7 per cent of 
cases. Both measurements are longer on the same side in 62.7 per 
cent of cases. One of the measurements is equal on the two sides, 
the other unequal, in 22.7 per cent of cases. 

The instances where the measurements agree, either in that each 
is equal on the two sides of the skull, or in both being longer on the 
same side of tha skull, constitute nearly four-fifths of the cases, so 
that agreement between the a-\-m-{-ps length and the greatest ventral 
length on each side may be said to be almost general. Of the excep- 
tions only a few are marked. The highest discrepancy was a 7 mm. 
difference in favor of the right combined fossal length in a case where 
the ventral lengths were equal. 

The interrelation of the three cerebral cavities, shown hitherto only 

indirectl}^ and incompletely, can be further brought out by comparing 

the lengths of the individual cavities with the sum of the lengths of 

^u i-x. irX. length of a? fossa X 100 rpi ^. i • i 

the three, thus: ,^ ^ — ^ 1 r — j-^ . ine results, which can 

length oi a-\-'m^ps^tossdd 

be termed indexes, and are convenient for collation, are given, with 

three columns of supplemental comparisons, in the table below. 

« Differences up to one millimeter between the whole right and left side being 
disregarded, as a possible error can not in such cases be excluded, 
& That is, of anterior and middle and postero-superior fossae. 



202 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. xxxn. 



Indexes showing the interrelation of the cranial (cerebral) fossiv 



Subjects. 



Adults: 

Whites, males — 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Whites, females — 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Indians, males — 

Dolichocephals 

Brachycephals 

Negroes — 

Males, dolicho- and 
mesocephals 

Females, dolicho and 

mesocephals 

Fetuses and young 

Anthropoid apes: 

Chimpanzees 

Gorilla 

Orangs 

Gibbons 

Monkeys, etc.: 

Cynocephalus 

Macacus pelops , 

Cebus hypoleucus 

Mycetes 

Alouata scnicula. ..-■ 

Midas 

Lemur varius , 

Ursus americanus 

Deer 

Pig 



Num- 
ber of 
skulls. 



14 
11 
11 

5 
6 
6 

10 
10 



Index a of an- 
terior fossa 






28.1 
27.9 
27.7 

28.0 
28.2 
27.9 

26.1 
26.44 



14 I 28.2 



29.1 
29.7 

31.1 
27.7 
29.4 
33.2 

28.6 
32.8 
31.1 
31.3 
31.7 
28.9 
35.5 

? 

? 

9 



27.4 
27.1 
26.8. 

27.1 
27.5 

27.5 

25.7 
26.37 



27.2 

28.0 
29.4 

30.2 
27.1 
28.9 
33.2 

? 
32.4 
30.7 

? 

31.1 
29.2 
35.8 

? 

? 

9 



Index b of 

m^iddle 

fossa. 



be 



29.0 
29.5 
30.5 

29.5 
29.4 
29.3 

29.7 
31.1 



29.3 

28.4 

27.7 

30.6 
31.2 
30.1 
29.7 

32.4 
31.7 
31.8 
35.4 
35.9 
33.3 
36.3 
? 

9 

9 



28.8 
29.3 
30.6 

28.6 
29.0 
29.3 

28.7 
30.3 



29.1 

28.3 
27.5 

30.4 
29.6 
29.7 
29.1 

? 
31.3 
32.0 

9 

34.5 

34.8 

36.6 

? 

9 
9 



Indexc of 
the cere- 
bral part of 
the poste- 
rior fossa. 






42.9 
42.6 
41.9 

42.5 
42.4 

42.,8 

44.1 
42.5 



42.5 

42.4 
42.5 

38.3 
41.1 
40.5 
37.1 

39.0 
35.6 
37.1 
33.3 

32.4 

37.8 

28.2 

? 

9 
9 



43.8 
43.6 
42.6 

44.1 
43.5 
43.2 

45.7 
43.6 



43.7 

43.7 
43.1 

39.4 
43.3 
41.4 
37.7 

9 

36.3 
37.3 

9 

34.5 

36.0 

27.6 

? 

9 

9 



^ ■ — - 



104 
107 
112 

105 
105 
106 

113 
116 



105 

99 
93 

99 
111 
103 

89 

113 

97 

103 

113 

112 

117 

102 

105 

90 

84 






150 
146 
138 

149 
147 
147 

154 
140 



147 

152 
155 

127 
138 
137 
127 

120 

114 

116 

94 

95 

108 

76 



00 "C 

t-i C 



a> - 



152 
151 
146 

153 
151 
151 

163 
152 



151 

151 
150 

126 
146 
139 
119 

128 
112 
118 
100 
100 
117 
77 



[a=length of anterior fossa: m=length of middle fossa; ps=length of postero-superior fossa.] 

a g X 100 b m X 100 c ps x 100 

a+m+ps a+m+ps a+m+ps 

d Mean length of anterior foss8e=100. eMean length of middle foss8e=100. /Mean length of .a 
anterior and m, middle fo.ssse ^^Lx!?^ j=ioo. 

The middle fossae are, it is seen, longer than the anterior ones in a 
large majority of the series; they are shorter than the anterior cavi- 
ties in the negro females, the fetuses and young, the chimpanzees, 
gibbons, and the macaque. The longest middle fossse in relation to 
the anterior ones exist in the Indians, gorilla, and several of the mon- 
keys, while the shortest are found in the pig, the gibbons, and the 
human fetuses and young. 

The length of the postero-superior cavities approximates one and a 
half times that of the anterior fossse in all the series of human skulls; 
it is somewhat less in the anthropoid apes, much less in most of the 
monkeys, and least (only three-fourths of the length of the anterior 
cavities) in the lemur. 

More simplified data are obtained b}^ a comparison of the length of 
the postero-superior fossae to the mean of the lengths of the anterior 



NO. 1521. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSJE—HRDLICKA. 



203 



and middle cavities. It is seen that the former exceed the latter in 
the proportion of 143-163 to 100 in the human crania, as 119-146 to 
100 among the anthropoid apes, as 100-128 to 100 among the monkeys, 
and only as 77 to 100 in the lemur. The highest proportion among 
the human series (163 to 100) is found in the Indian male dolicho- 
cephals, the smallest (146 to 100) among the white male brachycephals 
and (150 to 100) in the young. Among anthropoid apes the highest 
proportion (146 to 100) exists in the gorilla, the smallest (119 to 100) 
in the gibbons; while among the monkeys similar extremes are repre- 
sented by the baboon (128 to 100) and by the mycetes and alouata (100 
to 100). It is striking how much zoological sequence there is in the 
distribution of these particular results of comparison. The position 
of the Indians, however, seems anomalous. 

The indexes show many characteristics of the fossse which have 
already been brought out in the comparisons of the length of the 
cavities with the lengths of the skull. To avoid repetitions and a 
possible confusion, these features are relegated to the general sum- 
mary. 

THE POSTERO-INFERIOR OR CEREBELLAR FOSS^. 

The absolute average length of the cerebellar fossae in the various 
series of human adults is as follows: 



Posterior fossas, cerebellar portion: Average length in adults. 





Males. 


Females. 


Subjects. 


Doliohoceph- 
als. 


Mespcephals. 


Brachyceph- 
als. 


Dolichoceph- 
als. 


Mesocephals. 


Brachyceph- 
als. 




Xi 

tic 
S 




-1-5 
bt) 




be 


- ^ 


bo 
S 




bo 
2 


-4^ 


bo 


0) 


Whites 

Indians 


mm. 
(20) 
63.4 

(10) 
64.0 

(15) 
62.9 


mm. 
(20) 
62.5 
a(-0.9) 

(10) 
63.3 

«(-0.7) 

(15) 
63.9 
"(+1.0) 


mm. 
(19) 
62.6 


mm. 
(19) 
62.7 
a(+0.1) 


mm. 
(19) 
62.8 

(10) 
59.3 


mm. 
(19) 
62.9 
a(-O.l) 

(10) 
59.1 
a(-0.2) 


mm. 
(10) 
58.5 


mm. 
(10) 
58.4 
a(-O.l) 


mm. 

(9) 
61.6 


mm. 
(9) 
61.2 
a(-0.4) 


mm. 
(9) 
59.7 


mm. 
(9) 

59.8 
a(+0.1 


Negroes 






(10) 
60.0 


(10) 
59.4 
a(-0.6) 





























a Differences from the right fossae. 

The right cavity, it is seen, exceeds the left in length in a pronounced 
manner in the white and Indian male dolichocephals, and a little less 
so in two of the female series, but is decidedly smaller in the male 
negro. In the brachjxephals the differences are throughout imma- 
terial. It is plain that correlation between the cerebellar and pos- 
terior cerebral cavities, if it exists at all, is very limited. During the 
measuring in whites it was very often noticed that the groove and 
ridges of the lateral sinus on the left side were lower than those on 



204 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 



the right, but this was not always associated with a smaller length of 
the left postero-inferior fossa. 

In detail the differences in the cerebellar cavities were distributed 
thus: 

Length of postero-inferior fossa on the two sides. 



Skulls. 



Adults: 

Whites, males — 

Dollchocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Whites, females — 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Indian, males — 

Dolichocephals 

Brachycephals 

Negroes — 

Males, dolicho- and mesocephals .. 
Females, dolicho- and mesocephals 

Human fetuses and young 

Anthropoid apes 

Monkeys and lemur 



Right cere- 




bellar fossa 


Fossae equal 


longer (per 


(per cent 


cent of 


of cases). 


cases). 




50- 


20 


53 


11 


26 


- 32 


80 


10 


33 


33 


50 


12 


60 


20 


60 





33 


7 


50 


20 


25 


38 


15 


38 


20 


40 



Left cerebel- 
lar fossa 
longer (per 
cent of 

cases). 



30 
37 
42 

50 
38 
38 

20 
49 

60 
30 
35 
47 
40 



The results, so far as the human adults are concerned, agree in gen- 
eral with those shown by the first table of this part 'of the paper. 
There is a larger proportion of longer f ossa3 on the right than on the 
left side in the white and Indian male dolichocephals, and smaller in 
the male negroes. Greater numbers of crania, particularly brachy- 
cephalic, would have been very desirable in this connection. In the 
human young, anthropoid apes, and monkeys are seen relatively 
small percentages of longer right fossa, with larger percentages of 
longer left fossa and of equal cavities. Comparing the conditions 
found in the human young with those in adults, it is seen that in a 
large proportion of cases the excess in length in the right cerebellar 
fossa takes place after fetal life has been completed. 

The absolute differences in length of the two cerebellar cavities 
were in some of the skulls quite marked, but on the whole were less 
than those of the postero-superior fossae. They ranged as follows: 

Absolute differences in length of the cerebellar fossx; right fossa the longer in cases: 



Subjects. 


a 

d 


a 
a 

o 


a 

a 


a 
a 

o 


a 
a 

ci 


a 
a 

q 

CO 


a 
a 

CO 


a 
a 

q 


a 
a 


i 

o 


o 

ga 
< 


Human adults 


9 
4 




13 
6 

1 


5 


7 


8 


5 


4 


4 


1 


1 




Human fetuses and young 

Anthropoid apes 







1 


1 














Monkeys and other mammals . . . 

































NO. 1521. 



MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSS.E—HRDLICKA. 



205 



Absolute differences in length of the cerebellar fossse; left fossa the longer in cases: 



Subjects. 


a 

o 


a 
a 

o 


a 
a 


a 
a 

o 


a 
a 


a 
a 

o 


a 
a 

CO 


a 
a 

o 


a 

a 


a 
a 

o 


o 

oj a 
^a 

< 


Human adults 


9 
2 
1 

1 


13 

5 
1 

1 


6 
3 
1 


7 
2 
2 


4 
1 



5 




1 

1 


1 
1 


2 


1 


a1 


Human feiuses and young 

Anthropoid apes 










Monkeys and other mammals. . . 































al=5.5 mm.; 1=11 mm. 

In human adults the scales of inequalities are very nearly alike; in 
the fetuses, and to a lesser extent in the apes, the differences on the 
left side are more pronounced than those on the right. 

The relation between the mean length of the cerebellar fossse and 
the size of the skull (estimated on the base of the mean of the greatest 
cranial length and breadth) is indicated in the next table, the skulls 
represented being the same as with the cerebral fossse in similar 
comparisons: 

Average relation of the mean length of the two postero-inferior ( cerebellar) fossse to the greatest 
dorsal and mean ventral length of the skull {each of these diameters being taken as 100) in 
the largest and smallest skulls of the series. 





Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens. 


In the largest crania— 


Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens. 


In the smallest crania — 


Subjects. 


vs. external 
length. 


vs. internal 
length. 


vs. external 
length. 


vs. internal 
length. 


Adults: 

White males 


6 
6 
6 
5 


33.4 
33.6 
35.5 
32.8 


36.2 
36.9 

38.8 
36.3 


6 
6 
6 

5 


34.1 
34.5 
35.0 
35.7 


37.0 


White females 


37.6 


Indian males 


37.9 


Negroes, both sexes 


38.8 







Except in the Indian males, the fossse in the smallest crania are in 
all the groups relatively longer than those in the largest skulls of the 
series, which means that the cerebellum increases in length in a 
slightly lower ratio than the skull. It is rather remarkable that the 
negroes show in this respect, as on many former occasions, nearer the 
whites than the Indians, while in many external features of the skull 
the Indians are intermediary between the two. 



206 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 



The absolute and relative length proportions of the cerebellar fossae, 
contrasted between adults and young, man and animals, sexes, races, 
and in the main cranial forms, are as follows: 

Length proportions of postero-inferior fossae in relation to greatest external and mean 

internal length of the skull. 



Subjects. 



Adults: 

Whites, males— 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Whites, females— 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals. 

Brachycephals 

Indians, males — 

Dolichocephals 

Brachycephals 

Negroes: 

Males, dolicho- and mesocephals 
Females, dolicho- and mesocephals 
White fetuses and children, brachy 

cephals , 

Colored fetuses and children: 

Brachycephals 

Dolicho- and mesocephals 

Anthropoid apes: 

Chimpanzees 

Orangs 

Gibbons 

Monkeys and lemurs: 

Ma'cacus pelops 

Cebus hypoleucus , 

Alouata senicula 

Midas 

Lemur varius 



Num- 
ber of 
skulls, 



14 
11 
11 

6 
6 
6 

10 
10 

14 
5 

10 

10 
20 

2 
6 
4 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 



Average 

external 

maximum 

length of 

skull. 



19.4 
18.7 
18.2 

17.8 
17.8 
17.3 

18.3 
16.9 

18.6 
17.7 



11.9 
11.9 

7.5 

8.2 
7.5 
7.0 
4.1 
6.0 



Average 

mean 
length of 
the 2 pos- 
tero-infe- 
rior fossae. 



mm. 
63.4 
63.7 
62.9 

58.6 
61.1 
60.4 

63.6 
59.2 

63.9 
60.3 

27.2 

32.2 
32.2 

42.8 
41.2 
24.6 

24.0 
18.7 
20.5 
11.5 
16.0 



Average 
relation of 
the length 
of the fos- 
sae to the 

dorsal 
length of 
the skull. 



33.0 
34.0 
34.4 

32.9 
34.4 
35.0 

34.8 
34.9 



36.0 

3:.o 

33.3 

36.0 
34.5 
82.6 

29.2 
25.0 
29.3 
28.0 
26.7 



Average 
relation of 
the length 
of the fos- 
sae to the 
ven tral 
length of 
the skull. 



35.7 
36.4 
37.5 

35.6 
37.0 
38.2 



38. 
38. 



37.9 
37.1 

38.0 

36.4 
35.1 

38.8 
39.1 
33.8 

31.2 
28.0 
34.9 
29.3 
30.2 



Num- 
ber of 
skulls. 



10 
14 
10 

10 
9 
5 

10 
10 

13 



10 
20 

2 
6 

4 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 



The average relative proportions of the cerebellar fossae differ, it 
is seen, but little between human adults and human young, both 
groups taken as a whole. If the cases are taken individually, it is 
found that there is a greater variation in the relative proportions of 
the cavities in the fetuses and young than in the adults (young, 
27.2-47.2; adults, 28.8-40.1; in the young, proportions below 30 in 9 
per cent and above 40 in 5.1 per cent of the fossae, in adults, those 
below 30 in 1.5, those above 40 in 0.4 per cent of the cavities). These 
greater inequalities in the young are in all probability due more to 
the relatively abundant tissues about and especially in the rear of the 
cerebellum than to variation in the hind-brain itself. The volume 
itself of the fetal cerebellar fossae would be smaller were these tissues 
not present, and their relative length would not equal that in the adults. 
Among anthropoid apes the relative dimensions of the cerebellar 
fossae in the chimpanzee and orang are much like those in some of the 
series of human adults, but those in the gibbon are noticeably lower, 
and they are still lower, with one exception, in the monke3^s and lemur. 



NO. 1521. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSS^—HRDLICKA. 207 

The adult human cerebellum is, therefore, relatively somewhat longer 
than it is in gibbons and lower primates. 

Sexual differences are insignificant in the whites as well as the negroes. 

As to racial differences, there is a slight excess in the relative length 
of the cerebellar f ossas (as there was with the postero-superior ones) in 
favor of the Indians. Again in this instance the negroes appear nearer 
to the w^hites than the Indians. 

Finally, the data show the existence of decided differences in the 
relative length of the cerebellar fossae between the main cranial forms; 
the proportion is throughout, even in the young, greater in the brachy- 
cephals than in the dolichocephals. A somewhat similar condition 
was seen also with the postero-superior cavities. 

The relation of the length of the cerebral to that of the cerebellar 
portion of the posterior fossae is shown in the last table of this section. In 
conformity with the separate data concerning the two cavities, the cere- 
bellar fossa is seen to be relatively longer in all the brachycephals than 
in the dolichocephals. In the dolicho- and mesocephalic fetuses and 
young the cerebellar fossa is relatively shorter than in the adults; in 
the orangs and gibbons the relation of the two cavities is nearly as that 
in man, but in most of the monkeys it shows larger differences. In 
the lemur, finally, the superior part of the fossa shows but a slight 
excess over the inferior. , 

Relation of the length of the cerebellar to that of the posterior cerebral (postero-superior) 

fossse. 



Subjects. 



Num- 
ber of 
skulls. 



Propor- 
tion, the 
cerebellar 
fossse =100. 



Adults: 

Whites, males— 

Dolichocephals 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Whites, females — 

Dolichocephals. 

Mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Indians, males — 

Dolichocephals 

Brachycephals 

Negroes — 

Males, dolicho- to mesocephals. . . 

Females, dolicho- to mesocephals 
Fetuses and young: 

Dolicho- and mesocephals 

Brachycephals 

Anthropoid apes: 

Chimpanzees 

Gorilla .^ 

Orangs 

Gibbons 

Monkeys, etc.: 

Cynocephalus 

Macacus pclops 

Cebus hypoleucus 

Mycetes 

Alouata senicula 

• Midas 

Lemur varius 



20 
19 
19 

10 
9 



10 
10 

15 
10 

20 
19 

2 
1 
6 
4 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 



129 
127 
124 

129 
126 
125 

127 
125 

124 
126 

134 
126 

116 
140 
124 
125 

158 
135 
149 
140 
120 
143 
108 



208 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 



SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE 

CRANIAL FOSS^. 



Results obtained from the absolute measurements 
and by comparing the length of the fossae with 
the dorsal and ventral lengths of the skull. 



ANTERIOR FOSS^. « 

1 (a) The average absolute length of the right 
cavity is somewhat greater than that of 
the left in all the human series, in all the 
anthropoid apes except the gibbons, and 
in some other primates and lower mam- 
mals. 

(6) Individually, the largest percentage of 
longer right fossee and the most pro- 
nounced differences between the length 
of the two cavities occur in the human 
adults, and then in the higher anthro- 
poid apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, orang). 

2. There is a prevalence of relatively short ante- 
rior fossae in the largest, and of relatively 
long fossse in the smallest skulls. 

3 (a) The mean length of the anterior cavities is 
relatively greater in the human fetuses 
and young than it is in human adults. 

(&) It is also greater in most of the primates and 
other mammals examined than in the 
human' adults. 

(c) It is slightly greater in the human adult 

females than in the males. 

(d) It is nearly alike in the whites and the 

negroes, but is smaller in the Indians; 
and, finally, 

(e) It it slightly smaller in the dolicho- than 

in the brachycephalic skulls. 



MIDDLE FOSS^. 

1 (a) The average absolute length of the right 
cavity is slightly greater than that of 
the left in a l^ge majority of the hu- 
man series and in the anthropoid apes, 
while in the other primates and mam- 
mals the two fossse are in average about 
equal. 

(6) Individually, the largest percentage of 
longer right middle fossae and the most 
pronounced differences between the 
length of the cavities occur in several 
series of the human adults (in the doli- 
chocephals) , and then in the anthropoid 
apes. 

(c) Compensation in length with the anterior 
fossae appears possible in only a limited 
proportion of cases. In one-third of the 
skulls the middle cavity was greater in 
length on the same side as the anterior. 

2. The differences in the relative length of the 
middle fossae between the largest and 
smallest skulls are not well defined. 

3 (a) The mean length of the middle cavities is, 
relatively, smaller in the human young 
than in adults. 

(h) It is greater than in the adult man in the 
anthropoid apes, and especially so in the 
monkeys and other mammals. 



Results obtained by comparing the length of the 
fossae Avith their combined length, and among 
themselves. 



ANTERIOR FOSSiE.« 

1 (a) The average absolute length of the right 
cavity is somewhat greater than that of 
the left in all the human series, in all the 
anthropoid apes except the gibbons, and 
in some other primates and lower mam- 
mals. 

(5) Individually, the largest percentage of 
longer right fossae and the most pro- 
nounced differences between the length 
of the two cavities occur in the human 
adults, and then in the higher anthro- 
poid apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, orang). 



3 (a) The mean length of the anterior cavities is 
relatively greater in the human fetuses 
and young than it is in human adults. 

(6) It is also greater in most of the primatesand 
other mammals examined than in the 
human adults. 

(c) But little difference in whites; length 

greater in negro females than in males. 

(d) Smaller in the Indians; slightly greater in 

the negroes than in whites. 



(e) Somewhat greater in the dolichocephalic 
male whites, smaller in the dolichoce- 
phalic Indians, than in brachycephals. 

MIDDLE FOSS^. 

1 (a) The average absolute length of the right 
cavity is slightly greater than that of 
the left in a large majority of the hu- 
man series and in the anthropoid apes, 
while in the other primates and mam- 
mals the two fossae are in average about 
equal. 

(b) Individually, the largest percentage of 
longer right middle fossae and the most 
pronounced differences between the 
length of the cavities occur in several 
series of the human adults (in the doli- 
chocephals), and then In the anthropoid 
apes. 



3 (a) The mean length of the middle cavities 
is, relatively, smaller in the human 
young than in adults. 

{b) Slightly greater in some anthropoid apes, 
decidedly greater in monkeys and le- 
mur (also in other mammals examined) 
than in man. 

a It should be borne in mind that the two headings represent not equal, but only cognate, aspects 
of the case, mathematically as well as morphologically. This accounts for the several differences 
that will be observed. 



NO. 1521. 



MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSS.E—HRDLICKA. 



209 



Summary of the results of measurements of the cranial fossa' — Continued. 



Results obtained from the absolute measurements 
and by comparing the length of the fossse with 
the dorsal and ventral lengths of the skull. 



Results obtained by comparing the length of the 
fossi3e with their combined length, and among 
themselves. 



MIDDLE Foss^ — Continued. 

(c) Differences are quite immaterial in whites, 

though there is a tendency to smaller 
relative proportions in the females: in 
negroes, smaller in the females. 

(d) Differences quite immaterial, though some- 

what smaller than in any other adult 
human series in the female negro. 

(e) The relative length of the middle fossse is 

throughout smaller in the dolicho- than 
in the brachycephals. 

CEREBRAL PART OF THE POSTERIOR FOSS^. 

1 (a) The average absolute length of the right 
cavity is decidedly shorter than that of 
the left side in ail the series of human 
adults and anthropoid apes, moderately 
shorter in the -human young, and slightly 
shorter in the lower primates and other 
animals. 

(6) Individually, the largest percentage of 
longer left fossee and the most pronounced 
differences between the lengtii of the two 
cavities occur (as with the anterior and 
middle fossse) in the human adults, and 
then in anthropoid apes. 

(c) The length of the posterior fossa stands 
frequently in compensatory relation with 
the combined lengtii of the anterior and 
middle fossae on the same side. 

There are no regular or large differences in the 
relative length of the postero-superior 
fossEe between the largest and smallest 
skulls. 

3 (a) The mean relative length of the postero- 
superior cavities, compared with the mean 
ventral antero-posterior diameter of the 
skull, is, in the human fetuses and young, 
slightly greater than in some series of the 
adults and smaller than in others. 

(&) It is smaller than in adult man in anthro- 
poid apes (except the orang), monkeys, 
and especially in the lemur. 

(c) There is no material difference between the 

sexes. 

(d) From the racial point of view, the length is 

relatively greatest in the Indians; it is 
nearly alike in the whites and the negroes; 
finally, 

(e) It is greater in the brachycephals than in 

Ihe dolichocephals among the whites, but 
smaller in the former than in the latter 
among the Indians. 



MIDDLE Foss^ — Continued, 
(c) Fossae smaller in the female negro. 



(d) Fossae somewhat smaller in the negroes of 
both sexes than in other human adults 



(e) The relative length of the middle fossae is 
throughout smaller in the dolicho- than 
in the brachycephals. 

CEREBRAL PART OF THE POSTERIOR FOSSAE. 

1 (a) The average absolute length of the right 
cavity is decidedly shorter than that of 
the left side in all the series of human 
adults and anthropoid apes, moderately 
shorter in the human young, and slightly 
shorter in the lower primates and other 
animals. 

{b) Individually, the largest percentage of 
longer left fossae and the most pro- 
nounced differences between the length 
of the two cavities occur (as Avith the 
anterior and middle fossae) in the human 
adults, and then in anthropoid apes. 



(a) The left fossa in the young shows smaller, 
the right about equal index, as compared 
with that in adults; contrasted with the 
combined length of the anterior and mid- 
dle fossae, it appears smaller than in the 
adults. 

(&) It is smaller than in adult man in anthro- 
poid apes (except the orang), monkeys, 
and especially in the lemur, 

(c) There is no material difference between the 

sexes. 

(d) From the racial point of view, the length is 

relatively greatest in the Indians; it is 
nearly alike in the whites and the negroes; 
finally, 

(e) The index is somewhat greater in all but on e 

of the series of dolichocephals than in the 
brachycephals, and comparison of the 
length of the postero-superior fossae with 
that of the anterior and middle fossae, 
shows excess for dolichocephals in all the 
series. 



The combined length of the three cerebral fossae is greater on the left in from 64 
to 80 per cent of the adult dolicho- and mesocephals, but there is a prevalence of 
greater length on the right side in the brachycephals, the young and the primates, 

Proc. N. M. vol. xxxii— 07 14 



210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxii. 

CEEEBELLAR FOSS^. 

1 {a) The right cavity shows a greater average absolute length in adult white 
males and in the Indian male dolichocephals, but is shorter than the left in the 
adult male as well as in female negroes. Among brachycephals, white and Indian, 
the differences are immaterial. 

(6) In human fetuses and young in anthropoid apes, monkeys, and lemurs the 
left fossa is more often the longer. 

(c) Correlation between the length of the cerebellar and any of the individual cere- 
bral fossae is nil, or very limited. 

2. In the largest skulls the cerebellar fossae are relatively shorter than in the small- 
est crania, 

3 (a) The mean length of the cerebellar cavities is, relatively, somewhat smaller 
in the human young than in adults. 

(6) It is like in man in the chimpanzee and orang, but is smaller in the gibbon, 
and especially so in the monkeys and lemur. 

(c) Sexual differences are quite immaterial. 

{d) As to races, the fossae are relatively nearly alike in the whites and the 
negroes, but are longer in the Indians; finally, 

{e) The relative length of the cerebellar fossae is greater in all the series of 
brachycephals than in dolichocephals. 

With all the four fossae, and in all series, that cavity which js more often the 
longer than its mate of the opposite side shows generally also a larger range of the 
excesses of measurement. 

If the above results of the studies on the skull are now applied to 
the brain itself, i- e., to those parts of the brain represented by the 
measurenients taken, the indications are that — 

In human adtilts^ in general, the cerebrum presents in the majority 
of cases a greater basal length (as obtained by the measurements here 
dealt with) on the left side; the length of the frontal lobe is some- 
what greater on the right than on the left side; the length of the 
parietal lobe is slightly greater than that of the frontal, and in most 
instances is also slightly greater on the right than on the left side; 
compensation in length with the frontal lobe appears to be very lim- 
ited; the length of the occipital lobe is decidedly greater than that of 
the frontal or that of the parietal lobe (with the former as nearly 1.5 
to 1, with the latter as over 1.5 to 1); and it is decidedlj^ greater, in a 
large majority of brains, on the left side; there exists frequently a 
compensation in length between the two more anterior lobes and the 
occipital; the length of the cerebellum is smaller than that of the 
occipital lobe, but is always in excess of that of either the anterior or 
the middle lobe of the cerebrum; the right lobe shows in some of the 
series (whites) a prevalence of greater length on the right side; in 
others (negroes) on the left side; no correlation appears between the 
length of the cerebellum and that of the occipital, or any other portion 
of the cerebrum; the largest adult human brain shows a relatively 
smaller length of the anterior lobes than do the smallest specimens; 
with othei:, portions of the organ the dijfferences in this respect are 
irregular. 



NO. 1521. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSS.E—HRDLICKA. 211 

In human fetuses and young in general, the relative length of the 
anterior lobes is greater than that in adults; the average length of the 
right lobe is already somewhat greater than that of the left, but indi- 
vidually there are many more cases than in the adults in which the 
,two are equal; the length of the parietal lobes is smaller than that of 
the frontal (a reverse condition from that found in adults); the right 
lobe is the longer more often than the left, but in one-half of the 
specimens the}^ are equal; the relative length of the parietal lobes is 
less than in adults; the relative length of the occipital lobes, or at 
least of that on the left side, is slightly smaller than the general 
average in adults; there is a prevalence of longer left lobe, but the 
proportion of equally long lobes is larger than among the adults; the 
relative length of the cerebellum is somewhat smaller than in adults; 
and the left lobe is more often the longer. 

In the anthropoid apes, monkeys, and other mammals (so far as 
represented), the relative length of the frontal lobes is, with a few 
exceptions, greater than in human adults and often greater even than 
in human young; the right lobe is probably longer in all the apes 
except gibbons, and was found longer individually also in some of the 
other primates and mammals (the differences being greatest in the 
higher apes); the length of the parietal lobes is greater than that of 
the frontal in the gorilla and orangs, and in several of the monkeys, 
but is smaller in the gibbons, macaque, deer, and particularly in the 
pig; the right lobe is prevalently^ the longer among the anthropoid 
apes only; the relative length of the lobes is greater in anthropoid 
apes, and especially in the monkeys and other mammals, than it is in 
adult man; the relative length of the occipital lobe is smaller in an- 
throphoid apes than in man, and still smaller in the monkeys and 
lemurs; in mycetes, alouata, and especially in lemur, it is shorter 
than either the frontal or parietal lobe; the left lobe is prevalently the 
longer in the apes and among monke3^s, but was found shorter than 
the right in midas and lemur; the relative length of the cerebellum is 
somewhat greater than in adult man in the chimpanzee and orangs, 
but is smaller in the gibbons and other primates with lemurs. 

Sexual differences in the brain are, so far as here dealt with, but 
few in number and not large. Relatively the anterior lobes are slightly 
longer in the females than in the males, and there is apparently some 
correlated tendency in the females, especially in the negroes, to 
smaller relative length of the parietal lobes. 

Racial brain differences indicated by the result's of this study are as 
follows: The relative length of the anterior lobes is smaller in the 
Indians than in the whites and negroes (in whom it is nearly alike); the 
middle lobes are relatively smaller in the female negro than in any 
other series of human adults; the occipital portions are relatively 
longer in the Indians than in the whites and negroes (in whom they are 



212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxii. 

nearly alike); the cerebellum shows the prevalence of a greater length 
of the left lobe (in some whites and Indians right lobe); and the length 
of the hindbrain is relatively more considerable in the Indian than in 
the white or negro (in whom it is nearly alike). 

Finally, as to brain differences in the principal forms of the skull, it 
was found that the relative length of the frontal lobes is somewhat 
smaller in the dolicho- than in the brachycephals; the relative length of 
the parietal lobes is throughout smaller in the dolicho- than in the 
brach3^cephals; the relative length of the occipital portions of the 
cerebrum is on the whole larger in the dolichocephals (see indexes of 
the fossae and comparison of the length of the postero-superior fossa 
with that of the anterior and middle cavities); finally, in the cerebellar 
length, the dolichocephals show more difference on the two sides than 
the brachycephals, but the brachycephals show throughout a greater 
relative length of the hindbrain than the dolichocephals. 

On the basis of this study the following characteristics of the adult 
human %\uj1\ or brain may be viewed as of lower developmental order: 
A large relative length of the frontal fossae, or frontal lobes (infantile 
and animal feature); a small relative length of the middle fosste, or 
parietal lobes (infantile feature); a small relative length of the cerebral 
part of the posterior fossa, or the portion of the cerebrum it contains 
(infantile and animal feature), and a smaller relative length of the 
cerebellar fossa, or the cerebellum (infantile and animal feature). 

Looking at the series of examined skulls in this light, the male 
skulls show a little more favorably than the female; racially we are 
confronted with the curious and most unexpected fact of the quite 
close position of the whites and negro males and a more advanced 
differentiation of the Indian over both, while as to cranial t3^pes the 
dolichocephals show some developmental superiority in the frontal and 
postero-superior fossae and corresponding lobes, the brachycephals in 
the middle fossae, or lobes, and in the relative length of the whole 
cerebrum. 

Much larger series of specimens would \qvj like]}^ accentuate many, 
and probabl}?^ modify a few, of the results obtained with the numbers 
available to the writer. It is to be hoped further opportunities in this 
respect will arise and be utilized here or elsewhere with other investi- 
gations in the future. Measurements on the brain itself could, per- 
haps, take to some extent the place of those on the fossae, though 
more confidence must remain with the latter, which are not subject to 
deformation. 



NO. 1521. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSJE—HRDLICKA. 



213 



EXTERNAL LENGTH OF SKULL COMPARED WITH THE INTERNAL. 

There are several items of interest which were inquired into in con- 
nection with the preceding stud3^ 

One of these is the relation in the several series between the greatest 
external and the greatest mean internal length of the skull. The com- 
parison given in the succeeding table shows a slight excess in the 
thickness of the skull in the white brachjcephals over that in the white 
dolichocephals; a slight excess in the Indians over whites; and an 
appreciable excess in the negroes over the Indians. These differences 
explain better than has been done heretofore the discrepancies noticed 
between the comparisons of the cranial fossae with the dorsal and ven- 
tral lengths, and demonstrate the greater suitability of the latter for 
such a function. 



Diameter antero-posterior maximum of the skull dorsally compared with mean diameter 

antero-jjosterior maximum ventrally. 





Males. 


Females. 


Sub- 
jects. 


Dolicho- 
cephals. 


Mesocephals. 


Brachy- 
cephals. 


Dolicho- 
cephals. 


Mesocephals. 


Brachy- 
cephals. 




D. a- 
p. m. 


D. a- 
p. m'n 

(ventr.) 


D. a- 
p. m. 


D. a- 
p. m'n 

(ventr.) 


D.a- 
p. m. 


Da- 
p. m'n 
(ventr.) 


D.a- 

p. m. 


D. a- 
p. m'n 

(ventr.) 


D.a- 
p. m. 


D. a- 
p. m'n 

(ventr.) 


D.a- 
p. m. 


D. a- 
p. m'n 
(ventr.) 


Whites. 
Indians 


cm. 

(8) 
19.1 

(10) 
.18.3 

(13) 
18.5 


cm. 

a(-1.4) 

16.7 
a(-1.6) 

16.8 
a(-1.7) 


cm. 

(12) 
18.7 


cm. 

17.3 

a(-1.4) 


cm. 
(9) 
18.2 

(10) 
16.9 


cm. 

16.7 
«(-1.5) 

15.4 
a(_1.5) 


cm. 

(7) 

17.8 


cm. 

16.6 

"(-1.2) 


cm. 

(6) 

17.8 


cm. 

16.5 
a(-1.3) 


cm. 
(4) 
17.3 


cm. 

15.9 
a(-1.4) 


Negroes 






(7) 
17.9 


16.2 
a (-1.7) 





























((Difference from dorsal length. 

In order to see how other lengths of the anterior fossae, and espe- 
cially their relation to the ventral length of the skull, agree with the 
measurement chosen and its relations, the writer secured also in most 
of the specimens utilized the distance from the foramen coecum to the 
anterior boundar}^- of the pituitar}^ fossa. The table beneath gives 
the results and these, it will be seen, express much the same condi- 
tions as were found with the regular measurement of the frontal cav- 
ity. There is (except in -the white females where the small number of 
specimens is evidently at fault) again a predominance of the length in 
the brachycephals over that in the dolichocephals, and there are seen 



214 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 



VOL. XXXII. 



again the smaller relative proportions of the measurement in the 
Indians than in the whites and negroes of a similar head form. A 
disadvantage to this measurement consists in the variation in the region 
just anterior to the pituitary fossa." 

FORAMEN CCECUM TO PITUITARY FOSSA. 

Length from foramen ccecum to pituitary fossa. 





Adult males. 


Adult females. 


Subjects. 


Dolicho- 
cephals. 


Meso- 
cephals. 


Brachy- 
cephals. 


Dolicho- 
cephals. 


Meso- 
cephals. 


Brachy- 
cephals. 


Whites 


cm. 
(20) 

5.06 

(10) 

4.54 

(15) 

4. 


c:n. 
(20) 

4.90 


cm. 
(20) 

4.82 

(10) 

4.44 


cm. 
(8) 

4.78 


cm. 

(8) 

4.78 


cm. 
(8) 

4.70 


Indians . .. 




Negroes 


76 


(10) 

4.61 



















Relation of length from foramen caecum to pituitary fossa, to the mean ventral cranial 

length {the latter = 100). 





Adult males. 


Adult females. 


Subjects. 


Dolicho- 
. cephals. 


Meso- 
cephals. 


Brachy- 
cephals. 


Dolicho- 
cephals. 


Meso- 
cephals. 


Brachy- 
cephals. 


Whites 


(11) 

28.2 

(10) 

27.2 

(13) 

28 


(14) 

28.4 


(10) 

29.8 

(10) 

28.9 


(8) 

29.1 


(7) 

29.2 


a28. 1 


Indians 




Negroes 


7 


(8) 

28 


6 



















a 4 cases only. 



GREATEST VENTRAL FRONTAL BREADTH. 

Finall}^, an effort was made to measure the greatest frontal ventral 
diameter corresponding to the greatest breadth of the frontal lobe. 
This measurement could be more profitably taken on the brain itself, 
or on casts of the frontal part of the cranium. There is found in 
almost every skull, on each side, and just anterior to the coronal 
suture, a marked depression, which probabh^ corresponds to the great- 
est expanse of the frontal lobe, but definite landmarks from which to 
measure are lacking. Notwithstanding this difficulty, certain inter- 
esting results have been arrived at, namely: 

« See A. Hrdlicka, Dimensions of the Normal Pituitary Fossa in the White and the 
Negro Races; Arch, of Neurology and Psychopathology, Utica, N. Y., I, No. 4, 1898. 



NO. 1521. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSS^—HRDLICKA. 



215 





Breadth, maximum^ of frontal region 


{venirally) 


• 








Adult males. 


• Adult females. 


Subjects. 


Dolicho- 
cephals. 


Meso- 
cephals. 


Brachy- 
cephais. 


Dolicho- 
cephals. 


Meso- 
cephals. 


Brachy- 
cephals. 


Whites 


cm. 
(17) 

9.9 

(6) 

9.7 

(14) 

IC 


cm. 
(16) 

10.5 


cm. 
(15) 

10.8 

(3) 

10.8 


cm. 
(6) 

9.3 


cm. 
(8) 

9.6 


cm. 

(5) 

10 


Indians 




Negroes 


.2 


(10) 

9.7 



















Breadth, maximum, of frontal region, ventrally, compared ivith breadth maximum of the 

skull dorsally. 





Adult males. 


Adult females. 


Subjects. 


Dolicho- 
cephals. 


Meso- 
cephals. 


Brachy- 
cephals. 


Dolicho- 
cephals. 


Meso- 
cephals. 


Brachy- 
cephais. 


Whites 


(17) (16) 

71.3 71.9 


(15) 

70. 6 

(3) 

73.0 


(6) 

71.5 


(8) 

70.0 


(5) 

71.0 


Indians 


(6) 

71.9 






Negroes 


(14) 

7S 


.3 


(10) 

72 


.6 















Fetuses and young, both sexes: 

White, brachycephalic (6) 80.9 

Colored— i. e., negro and negro-white — 

Brachycephalic (10) 80. 7 

Dolicho- and mesocephalic (20) 82. 3 

Apes— 

1 chimpanzee 79. 8 

6 orangs 77. 8 

4 gibbons 79. 2 

Monkeys — 

"l Macacus pelops : 79. 4 

1 Alouata senicula : 78. 6 

1 Cebus hypoleucus 79. 3 

1 Lemur varius 80. 5 

1 Ursus americaniis '. 75. 3 

At first sight the above data are quite striking, but it must be 
remembered that the frontal breadth has been compared with the 
dorsal breadth of the skull, which varies in the difi'erent series. The 
proper way would be to compare the former with the greatest ventral 
breadth in all the skulls, but the latter measurement is difiicult and in 
the material here utilized was not alwa3^s possible. 

The thickness of the skull is very nearly the same in human fetuses 
and 3^oung, in gibbons, alouata, cebus, and lemur, and the data obtained 
on these specimens are directly comparable. 

In the orangs and chimpanzees the thickness of the two parieties at 
the location of the greatest breadth of the skull exceeds that in the 
human young by about 5 mm., in the negro by about 7 mm., in the 
Indian and white male by about 6 mm., and in the white female by 
about 5 mm. Reducing the greatest external breadth of the skulls in 
question by these figures and comparing the greatest internal frontal 
breadth with the remaining proportions, we obtain the following data, 
which are quite suitable for comparisons with the human young, 
gibbons, and other above-named species. 



216 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 



Tlie greatest ventral frontal breadUi compared witli greatest breadth of tJie skull (reduced), 

the latter taken as 100. 



Adult white males 74. 3 

Adult white females 73. 5 

Adult Indians 75. 6 

Adult negroes 76. 9 

Human fetuses and young 81. 6 



Chimpanzees '. 75. 

Orangs 77. 8 

Gibbons 79. 2 

Monkeys 79.0 

Lemur 80. 5 



It appears that the difference between the greatest breadth of the 
frontal lobes and the greatest breadth of the skull, or, respectively, of 
the cerebrum, is less in the lemur and in most of the lower primates, 
as well as in the human fetuses and young, than it is in human adults, 
particularly among whites. With all their imperfections, these deter- 
minations point to another line of anthropometric studies on the brain, 
promising interesting results. 

The detail tables of measurement of the cranial fossae are appended 
to facilitate control of the preceding data, as well as the utilization of 
the series for future studies; and to show the individual variations 
which could not be dealt with conveniently in the text. 

DETAILED DATA. 

Summary of absolute and relative lengths of the cranial fossse. 





"^'r^ 








Ratio of leng-th of fossse 


Ratio of 


length of 




0) 


Absolute lengths. 


to greatest dor.sal 


fosspe to mean ventral 












length of skull. 


length of skull.e. 








c 


ffi 






o 


8i 






u 
O 


aj 




^ 








& 




•c 


cc 


^ 




.»-( 


tc 


Subjects. 


ge dor 
erior i 

ter of fe 


O 

;-( 

O 


O 


6% 


o 

• (Si 


o 
o 




Si 
2° 


O 

.5 


m 
O 

o 


CO 

s 


CO w 

2® 


5 
M 
^ 




a; o a 




-d 
2 


CO 

O 






73 


0) 
CO 
O 


0) 




.'2 


o 






< 


< 


S 


CU 


O 


P.ct. 


% 


CL, 


O 


< 


S 


P^ 


O 


Adults: 
Whites, males— 


cm. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


mm. 


P.ct. 


P.ct 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


Dolichocephals.. 


19.4 


52.7 


54.9 


82.1 


63.4 


27.3 


28.3 


42.4 


33.0 


29.3 


31.9 


45.9 


35.7 


Mesocephals 


18.7 


51.5 


55.2 


80.7 


63.7 


27.5 


29.4 


43.0 


34.0 


29.5 


32.2 


46.0 


36.4 


Brachycephals .. 


18.2 


49.8 


55.9 


77.3 


62.9 


27.3 


30.7 


42.4 


34.4 


29.6 


33.9 


46.4 


37.5 


Whites, females— 




























Dolichocephals.. 


17.8 


48.2 


51.0 


7.5.9 


58.6 


27.1 


28.6 


42.6 


32.9 


29.4 


31.4 


45.8 


35.6 


Mesocephals 


17.8 


49.7 


52. 4 


76.9 


61.1 


28.1 


29.5 


43.3 


34.4 


30.4 


33.0 


46.8 


37.0 


Brachvcephals .. 


17.3 


48.6 


51.4 


75.3 


60.4 


28.2 


29.8 


43.5 


35.0 


30.0 


32.0 


47.4 


38.2 


Indiaus, males— 




























Dolichocephals.. 


18.3 


46.6 


52. 5 


80.8 


63.6 


25.5 


28.7 


44.2 


34.8 


28.0 


31.5 


48.5 


38.2 


Brachycephals .. 


16.9 


45.4 


52.7 


73.8 


59.2 


26.8 


31.2 


43.6 


34.9 


29.5 


34.3 


48.0 


38.5 


Negroes- 




























Males, dolicho- 




























a u d m e s o - 




























cephals 


18.6 


50.6 


53.5 


78.7 


63.9 


27.3 


28.8 


42.4 


34.4 


30.4 


31.9 


46.7 


37.9 


Females dolicho- 


' 


























a n d meso- 




























cephals 


17.7 


50.1 


49.7 


75.5 


60.3 


28.3 


28.1 


42.7 


34.1 


31.0 


31.1 


46.9 


37.1 


Human fetuses and 




























young 


9.1 


28.1 


26.2 


41.1 


30.9 


30.8 


28.8 


44.5 


34.1 


32.5 


30.2 


46.9 


36.1 


Apes: 




Chimpanzees 


11.9 


39.0 


38.5 


49.8 


42.8 


32.9 


32.3 


41.7 


36.0 


35.3 


34.8 


4.5.0 


38.8 


(jorilla 




38.7 
36.2 
27.3 


43.0 
37.1 
24.2 


59.7 
51.0 
30.8 


42.7 
41.2 
24.6 


















Orangs 


11.9 
7.5 


30.4 
36.2 


31.1 
32.0 


42.8 
40.7 


34.5 
32.6 


34.4 
37.5 


35.3 
33.2 


48.5 
42.3 


39.1 


(jibbons 


33. ft 


Monkeys and lemurs: 




MacacHK pdops . . 


8.2 


29.5 


28.5 


32.5 


24.0 


36.0 


34.7 


39.6 


29.2 


38.3 


37.0 


42.2 


31.2 


C'cbiiH hypoleucus. 


7.5 


23.2 


24.0 


28.0 


18.7 


30.0 


32.0 


37.3 


25.0 


34.7 


35.8 


41.8 


28.0 


Aloiiata senicula . 


7.0 


23.0 


25.7 


24.5 


20. 5 


32.9 


36.8 


35.0 


29.3 


39.1 


43.8 


41.7 


34.9 


Midas 


4.: 

6.0 


13.0 
22.0 


15.2 
22. 5 


16.5 
17.2 


11.5 
16.0 


31.7 
36.7 


37.2 
37.5 


40.2 
28.7 


28.0 
26.7 


33.1 
41.5 


38.8 
42.4 


42.0 
82.5 


29. 3 


Lemur varius 


30.2 



NO. 1521. 



MEAS^RE^rEXTS OF CRAXIAL FOSS.E—HRDLICKA. 



217 












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I> t> 00 



in oa CO 

t-^ CO 00 



id-*' id 



in ■rt< id 



05 I> rH 

Tt5-*id 



id-*' id 



03 coo 
COCO -* 



OOO CO 
1^ 1-^ 00 



CO ^ 

OJ S r3 

oj r^ M 



222 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 









5 



•^ 



S 
e 

6 



° o ''^ ° 
tC-H _ cj O 



•JJ3T 



; itl Cj,^3 O vO « ic iQ O kO 



•jqStH 



• iotcoo«50ioioio; 



-uojj joramnixTiui qipBajg; 






"BSSOJ AJ-B; 

-injid JO J9pjoq joua; 
-n'B o; ninoaoo uara^jo^ 



: rr t3< ^ ^ -^ STT"^ i^ c^"^ 



'id lo to 



lid id ^ 



io;ri 



35 






CJ S-l ^ X >^ 



•«9T 



•jqSia 






•;j9T 



•iq^ia 






•JjaT 



■jqSiH 



•1J8T 



•^qSiH 



•Jjai 



•iqgtH 



be 
S 



■1J31 



nqSia: 



•1P7 



•jqSiH 



•JJ9T 



•^qSia 



•xapui DT[Bqd90 



■tntimixBTn 
XBjaj'Bi iajaniBia; 



•rancaix'Bni JOTiajsod 



.lO OO o 

. o-. . . c— . C^' c^- 1— i~- 

(y o ^^tc lC "^^lO ~ — "—'• — '■ — ' 

T—( 1—' 1—1 T— I 

iC lO iC O lO 
g .-I ■M X t^ ;^0C c~C~OC^ 

^ to «5 id ic ----in C--;^c_^;^ 

1-1 1— I T— I rH i-H 

lO OOiCOiCOOO 

g o ^^T^'-:: o t^ lc o r-i a> ic 
c i> "--'1^ i> i> r-^ t> 30 1> i> 

t— I 1— IT— IrHr- ItHt— l<— It— I 

iC iC iC lO lO O O 

go -9- ^ a> CO :o i> '—^^-^ 
c— c— c— 

<ut^t^I>:Ol>I>l> -— '-— '-^^ 

.— I t— I r- r^ .— I ^~ 1— i 

05 ^^5C C; oc iri Oi <S* <-i ^ 
-4 <t- ~* ~* •<t e^ ^ -;» -Jt 
«0 i-H ■^ «S ^ ■^ '~l 

e^ ~* ~* CO iCi 50 >i ,,^. ^, , 

^" ^ -» e< ^ ~* d ^5!^ 

-<(• ^ ~* -<r -* ^ ■<? 

O lOOOiCiOOOO 
• Ttl ^^O 00 CO ■* O CO 05 «5 

g i> t^od t-^ i> i> i> i> i> i> 

OOiOOOuOOuSO 

.COTfJ>T}>tOCOT-(OOC,,^ 

g i> i> i> t> i> i> i> i> co' S;:- 

CO sr5-<ti--i>-i5o00'~(-^ 

^ ,_,so 15^ o e^ >-( vo ci t^ 

ci ^Oc5 CC ci OJ >-5 CJ >s C3i 
CO •-* S« <S* <-! 1—1 t-. 

-* oj ©^ e^ -* ~^ Ci ^^,— ,,^ 

o; d oi 00 o; « »; t:.^^^ 

©5 so (S* <S« 04 S* Si^ 

To OOiOOOiCiOO 
^ (N '—•O OC 1—1 C^l iC iC iC (M 

o ic "— 'id -rj^ id id id id id id 

o O OOiS OO 
^(NTfi-IOCC^OiO ^-^-— -— V 
g I-- e-- e- 

<OiCiCiC'^iOi^iC ^ — — — 

TH SOQCC^'-lOiOCOVf 
ac ^cd ir; 00 t-I 00 ci ^ CO 
t^ 1^ CO <S* '-I 00 '-1 

1-1 CO 50 o_<:5 Ci 00 .— .^v,— V 

C^ CO CO o6 00 CO 00 ~ — " — "~^ 
<Si ^ <Si <Si <S^ ISrl ^ 

1?^ oooir;ooico 

^ O -— -O Tji O OC i-l CO TJH t~ 

ft . t^' 

cj lO ^ — •^ TT ir; Tf ic ic ■<* -^ 

5~id"3"ic"o"id"o 

^■^HCOCDl:^OI>i-i ^~-— >-— - 
~ e^- e— e^- 

cjiO^-^-^iC'^iO ^~" — "—' 

Cicoco-^e^cico©?*^ 
e«-<*i-icrjcc:cot^oo&».— N 

ci C5 o C5 '^^ i^ Sn! eo cjj -X- 

ocoooooooooooooooo 

lOOOOOiC OiCiO 
-jXOlCCKOX'S'C^COj^ 

S c<5 -* ■^' CO -^ CO -<* rr id ^ 

-Hi— l^rH^T-lr-I^T-l 
iCOOu^lCiCOOOO 

^c<iTr*oo^r^TT<oc<ix 

ft 

c.;t>t--Xt^l^coi>l>t^t^ 



^02 coco 
< . . . 

'imo CO 



vX.l>i-l 

'id id CO 










■ o • • 


< • 




■ o ■ • 




• -l^ 


•05 • • 


lO • 


• OsCp 


• 1— 1 ■ " 


05 • 


:?ci 


•Oi • • 


4 : 


•coo* 


■05 ' ■ 


CT> • 


•05CO 


•00 • ■ 


00 • 


Xcc-i 


• T-l • ■ > 


<^ 


r-l^ro- 


• ^"O • OC 








>-^ 05 ^ CO 
liCOIMOO 



lOOt- 



lO CTiOO 
t^cOI> 



i-l OCiC 

id-^id 



OC -^ i-( 

TjiTjIld 



OO CO 1-1 



1-i OOlC 

■^00 ■*' 



coi>o 

I>^ CO 00 



Oil r; 

oj a 



'C 



(A 
o 



NO. 1521. 



MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSSJE-HRDLJCKA. 



228 



Length 
of pos- 
terior 
fossa, 
cerebel- 
lar por- 
tion. 


•Wai 


.• o o o o o o o 

grH I>Cr>C0C)O5CO 
^ CO CO cs" «£> --S id CO 


lOiOO 

CJXX 

cdidco' 


CO 
C0X05 

■o id CO 




•^qSiH 


•O OOOOOlC 

gio i.^-*coir;T-i-cf 

'^ CO. CO* CO CO CO CO CO 


coco CO 


o 

TJ<rH t> 

CO CO CO 


-uojj JO ranuiTX'Bui qjpBaaa: 


CO i-H C<l CO ■* 

::£ OS O O O^ CT'CT'Oi 


CO 


I> rti (M 

OS OS O 


•BSSOJ A'JBJ 

-injid JO jspjoq joiaai 
-iiT? ' oj mnoaoo uauiBJOj 


I> cooco cc lO CO 


lO X tH 

TjJ TJ? TJ^ 


•qJ Tji id 


CO 


i^6 2.iS.- 
2^ « S 2 ''':? 

•rl -S O ^ — -U 


•;j9T 


O lO O O iC:i« O 

jieo c^t^coi-icoco 

§ CO J--' I> CO t-^' co' co' 

1-1 ,— 1 T— 1— 1 ,— ( T-H T-H 


ooo 
xioco 

CO co' cc' 


cc 


cot^ 

coi->: 


•iqSiH 


. lO lO OiO lO uC o 
g t> T-(C0C3OO-* 

CO r-' r-^ id t^ CO CO 

1-1 i-( r-l i-H •-I tH — 


ooo 

iO<NCO 

CO CO -^ 
i-l i-H r-( 


OS CO 


Sum of the 
lengths of 
the fossae. 


■W8T 


lO iCOOOOiO 
^ CO t- 00 l-- CV I> CO 

f= t~^ «5 oc t> t-: t-" cc 


lOOiO 
coo lO 

cc 00 t^ 


Out X 

CO 1^00 

rH rH rH 


•^qSjH 


lO OiC O iC o >c 
^. O i03C-*i-i-rO 

I^QO o6cot^xi--^oo 

^ r-( I— 1 I-H I-H rH I— 1 1— 1 


iCOO 

OS -O lO, 

1~^ !>•' I^ 

r-i 7-^. T-i 


OS rfl X 
1— 1 rH rH 


Posterior fossa, cere- 
bral part. 


1— ( 


IjaT 


U5 ■<^ 05 eo c^ s< i^ 

O:) CJi 00 'S^ C: C> Oi 

«ri -^-s^ CO CO -^~; 

■<t <!• ~^ ^ ^ -<T ~:l 


CO CO »--i 
coiso'cj 

■^~*1Q 


;-- so ■M 
i-o' ^-0 o 

^-<IQ 


•iq^ia 


t^ e* <S^ ?-~ Cl ?-, CO 

'-H O ■^S CTi S^ CO "-i 

»C5 »ri T-s ^ Co' »-i «5 


J^ Cl ■^t 
IC <t'-l 


'-H 1-H »-( 


i 

0) 

1-q 


•iJ9T 


vO O iC O lC O lC 
g CO QOCOCOr^iCO 

S i> 00 00 00 od i>-' X 


OlOO 1 

COXX 

00 I--' 00 


iflcox 
o6i>co 


•^^Slu 


. lO lO lO iC O iC lO 

grH eOI>COrr O-lrH 

« 00 X l> t-" 00 I> X 


OOiO 
OCO-M 

cci>o6 


1 (N 

as(NTf 


o3 
O 


0) 

'2 


•n^T. 


CO eo Oi «i «i '^H 03 

1-1 t^ l-H "Ji O 00 f^ 

T-H ?^ 00 Oo' oi Qo' f~- 

«o ^ e* <^ 15* s^ e^ 


CV >^ Ci 
f^ CO ~* 

r^ ■^ CO 

S* so <5* 


t^ ITS ts. 

■^5 CO '-H 
<5> e* so 


^^^sm 


i-^ W5 »^ »--l ?^ CO IQ 
III CO i-H '30 so ~^ S^ 

i-H Oi O; oi 00 ci Cc 
eo ^ s-i e* S) 90 <3-) 


e* 00 t^ 

Ui 90 l-O 

crj-Ssj 00 
^eo !M 


^^e* ** 

OS 00 s* 
<^ S* so 


bo 

CD 


■n^T. 


.o oooooc 

jj lO (N CO O C^l .-1 r- 
^ lO LO iC lC to lO lC 


OOuO 
i-ll^CO 

iC lO Tt^ 


1 X 

rHOt^ 

id -^'id 


■JUSiH 


.O OOOiOOO 

jj I> lO lO T-( ,-H CO T-H 

Old id id id id id ic 


OOO 

cot^o 
lO id lO 


cc 

CCOI> 

id id id 


o 
o 

■!-> 

< 


1— ( 


•1J9T 


OS eo "S* <JJ CO t-- ■<( 
-* eo ci -* 00 '-I is^ 

wj ici Jvl u-i •<? f^ f^ 

6* ^ S* <51 !^J <5^ ^ 


-^<5* CO 

eoi-^ 

i--i -^9^ 

<^^ <5* s* 


r^<»05 

i-O so ?^ 
S*<5* <JJ 


mSiH 


CO eo '-I s* -* f^ c- 
SM 95 f^ t^ eo CO «; 

«0 ifs ci co' wi f--I CO 

e< 15* e* (5* ©} ^ S^ 


>~( "n CJs 
Ci i-S f^! 

•C* CO •<• 


■^ so i^ 

co' so cs' 

S* <5* 15* 


bo 

C 


•Ijai 


.O lOiOOiOOO 

jJiO t^C^LO-«J<XO 

O rji -^' id '*' ■^* '*' lO 


lOiOO 

CO '^^ rH 
^ T)4 rj< 


COrHIN 

'^TjJid 


•iqSia 


.O OOiOOiOO 
g(M I>COCOCOXX 

w<ai Tj< id -^ Tjl -cr -^ 


lO O lO ( 
CO CO C^l 

^ ^ ^ 


OS 
C0(NC0 

Tp'-^'id 


3 


•xopui 01 


I^qdao 


s* r^ IS* CO -M i-H <:; 

CO 00 C> ^T Cl O »-H 

■>-H s* eo 90 eo <j ~;( 
i^ f^ t^ t^ e^ e>. t-. 


&* C-. CO 

»-H t^ 00 


^.co OS 

so i-s ^ 

t^ f^ t^ 


•ranniixi 
[BIO) B [ Ja 


BUT 


lO O O lO O O lO 

•!M t^XrHCOrt-rr 

rt CO CO CO CO CO CO cc 

'-'rl i-(r-lrH,HrHrH 


ooo 
CO X -^ 

cc" CO CO 


lO rH X 
CO CO CO 


-IXBUI JOU 
-OJBJU'B j'a 


rauui 
a-jsod 
(aniBiQ 


O OOOOOiO 
^ iC X OS OS -^T l^ i-i 

S 00 oc x' I-' 00 r^ X 

^ !— ( T-H ?— 1 1— ( I— ( i-( rH 


lO uO O 
CO -*os 

odcci^ 

rH i-H rH 


CO t^ OS 
X't-OD 


'3 

o 
o 

-J 


« 1 ! I ! ! ^ 

•— ' • . ; I I 1 1-< 
2'3 : : : : : 2 
2", : : : : :S 

^ rf o c o : c ^ 

C cS • • • C • c 

s3^ ; : ! ^ ; ci 

CO . . .Oh .cc 


'^ • • • 

o : : : 

'C o o o 
S -C T3 -C 






s 




o 

0) 

o 
o 


!^ : : : : : 
^ : : : : : 

cj • I ! I I I 


: : : 


gaoccooc 

.gS'C'C'O'C'C'C 

*J <u 

ci CO 

^ : : : : : 


ooo 

'C'O-C 


*~* '^ V 




d 
15 




c^ CO 05 ^ ^ c^i ic 

O O CO CO '-0 CO -3' 
O O OS OS coco OS 

!N Oi i-i rH C^i C^ i-l 

TJH ■»*< Tfl Tt< •.»< -t* •<9< 


1^ CO ■^ 

^coco 
OS CO CO 

rH Ci Ci 



224 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 









s 
'^ 

^ 



{/: u 



g; 



bD O O 5? ^ O jj 



•?J91 



'■\^^m 



.OOiOiCuOOOiOOO 

S OC l^ lO CCTi— I 0> 'J' T CO O 

5.^ iCjP CC '-Ci t o iC tC Lt" >c' o 

)TcTn o if^o o 'C o o 
)i^oiMcocoioao-<»<05 



"••^toiogogooioicioiotc 



•X"[It?.Hll3A 'iioiSaj ynj 
-uojj JO raiitutxuiu mpt?3Ja 



-m^id JO J9pioq joiiai 
-u-b" o\ ranoaoo uani^jo^ 



(Mc<i-THinifoiOTfTt<^ 






!» ci 
w 

o 
0. 



W< f^ G 

•s s s a § 



B^. 



o5 o 

S G 1^ 






•W9T 



OiOiOtOiOwOiOiCTt^'^ 



lO tC o 

CO o"o~ 
as Tt< '.o 



O Or-i 



■* ca O 



•m^Ta 



O lO lO to lO O i-C lO iC' TP TT 



•5J9TL 



^T-li— lr-iT-H>— It-Hi-lT-lr-li-H 



•;qSra 



rC^l^OOl^t^t^Ot^tOt^ 



ijoq 



■iqSta: 



IPT 



oc^t^cot^l^tr-t^ 



iC O lO 
CS i-l ?o 



•HlSiH 



o t^ i> r~ t> i^ i-^ t^ t^ CO r- 



•W3T[ 



iqSiH 



■W3T 



5J lO lO lO lO lO iC' TT uO iC ■^ 



•UPiH 



OOOiOOOOOOiO 



•W9T 



•;q-§!a 



■JJ9T 



•;qSiH 






. o lO i-o < 






•xapui oiiT?q(l90 



•uinniix'Bai 



•uinui 
■IX BUI aoua^sod 
b J a ; u 'B j'a^am'Biq 



;TficoTti^-^Ti<xf*-#in 



2t>tDC~I>I^I>.«OOtDO 



(MOlO 
lOi-i CO 



to 30 (N 

■^ CO lO 



05 CO -^ 
to tOI> 



.ooooooooo 



ooooooooo 



iotoi>aoa>Oi-i(Nc<5-^ 

COtOCOtOtOt^£^l^t^t^ 

eococococococococoeo 
?3 im' c-i e-i (N c^i (N c^" c4 (n 



0) g 3 



NO. 1521. MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSS.E—HRDLICKA. 



225 



00 t^ OS ID 

.-(r-lrH 2 









o 


oo 


OiO 


o 


0000 


m 


ooom 


OS 










t-i i fc< 


•W9T 






-sD to 


CO 


CO >n (N CT> 

to to to to 


1^ 

to 


OSOOl^ 

to d d m 


-— -COI--CO 

m . . . 
rH «3 m t^ 


be 

c 

v 




iC 


lOO 


lOiO 


o 


OOiOO 


m 


dcTdo 


OS 




iqSiH 




--ooa 


O CO 

to to 


to 


c^ lO -^ to 
to to to to 


00 

to 


,-( l^ rH rH 

i^ m d d 


-~iM to rH 

m . . . 

rH to m t^ 








CC 


05C0 


coc^ 




iC to >■>] 


r-< 


CTS'NlNt^ 


iMOsos 


■XrTBJiuaA 'uoiSai itsj 


s c 


ooo 


do' 


e^ 


' doJdd 


d 


dodos 


Tf dood 


-UOIJ , 


o uinnitxBni q;pB9Ja: 


C""^ 


I— 1 


i-i i-i 


' 


' ^ ^^ 




r-^T^T-t. 


rH rH r-l 




••Bssoi Xjbi 


CO 


■^ i-H 


00 to 


O 


050 0000 


OS 


\c:i \.~~ \ai r-< 


00 rH rH 


-TtHTd 


JO japjoq 


louaj 


gid 


■**in 


■^ Tji 


id 


'^ lO ■^' -^ 


■* 


^< ^i "^ ^1 


lO Tli TP id 


-iiBOi ninoaoD uara^joj 
























o 


o 


oo 


lO 


omoo 





in m m 


(N 




, 1 




."* 


oo 


(NTt< 


00 


■qtOCOCO 


iM 


CO moo 


00000 




t, i >< rt 
o o rf cy • 

1 s s i 1 


•«8T 


S f> 


C^«3 


I> to 


to 


t-^ 30 to to 


t-^ 


^.%6^\!i 


CO d moo 


D 


Or-I 


-^1—1 


iH r-l 


r-l 


rH 1— 1 1— ( — ^ 


r-t. 


' — ■r-\ i-\ r-i 


r^T-1 J-it-i 




o 


o 


lOO 


o 


oinoo 





mmo 


i 00 


piaj 




.CO 


00 


05C^ 


o 


Ol 00 -JH CO 


C^ 


^__co<M 


1 ^^too 00 


OQ 


•S *j — ■ s +^ 


■;qSiH 


St^ 


e-O 


to to 


to 


l--^ I> to to" 


t-^ 


<5-. d d d 


CO d d t--' 




O "-H 


' — 'i— I 


I-H 1—1 


T-\ 


rH r-l rH r-l 


t-^ 


■—'t-I T-i r-i 


7-1 r^ r-l r-< 




















" ^ 








. O 


lOiC 


Oirt 


o 


omoo 





m m m 


00 










OiO 


>rtO 


OS 


i>eooc^ 


00 


t^oc^to 


cooco 


'o 


•?J9T 


IS 


t-' GO 


ao'od 


r^ 


00 oJ ad 06 


00 


oooot-^t-^ 


odt-^os 


a 




r-l 


I-H ^ 


rH rH 


T-H 


1— ( rH rH I-I 


^^ 


rH rH 1— 1 rH 


1-1 r-l r-t 




o 


o 


OO 


o 


OiO 00 





momm 


OS 


13 


■^ G--^ O 




Cjoo 


.—CO 


oo 


I> 


'^ 00 ■* o> 


<M 


I> 00 l^ 1> 


rH t^(N 


0) 0'-« 


•;qSiH 


--"jO 


00 00 


to 


06 06 00 I> 


OS 


06 I> l>-'l> 


06 d OS 








^r^ 


r-l 


I-H l-H 


T-l 


T-< ■<-\ y-\ ■r-\ 


T^ 


7-1 ,-< r-( 1-i 


rH rH rH 


1 






®* 


f^ r-H 


Oj »-, 


to 


■Si 01 ?^ «1 


©5 


f^ ■^ so rs 




0) 
0) 






?o 


00 O 


W5 t^ 


~* 


T~l 00 to 


<S 


00 to !S* ts* 


f^ to OS 




■^pt: 


>- 


^lO 


^VO 


<5^ 


-^ ^ '-h' 155 


^ 


uj so ^<5-t 


SO '^i »-o 




t3 




■«*H 


-ct~* 


-<^-^ 


~^ 


~*-<J--:t~* 


~* 


■<t<»--<r'<r 


-*-*-^ 




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50 


to i^ 


si 


ITS i-s ITi lit) 


f^ 


d «i to 05 




X b 


c 




t-. 


— "S* 


O'-H 


-; 


00 05 00 00 


©^ 


00 00 r-l 


«i ~*0O 


C 03 


1— I 


mSiH 


c5 


!t-^ 


SO -; 


f^ 


1-H >H i-I so 


-^ 


-*»-h'^SO 


e* fsl <j 






-3 


-^ 


^J--^ 


so 


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~* 


<t ^~*~^ 


~*SO ~^ 






. vft 


lO lO 


lOvO 


O 


lOOOO 





m m m 


<M 


■g-S 


■4^ 


1J91 


g05 


to CO 


(N(M 


to 


(M com iM 


OS 


to 00 00 '^ 


o-^* to 




bo 

c 

►J 




Of^ 


t>ao 


00 00 


t- 


06 00 I> 00 


!>: 


06 C-^ I-' 1> 


cor-' 06 




• c 


lO o 


lO lO 


\a. 


ooom 





om om 


CO 


O 

PL, 


■jq^ia 


gr^ 


lOrH 


!>• 05 


C<I 


r- OS t^ 00 


m 


■<* T}( CO to 


i>ojm 




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t-~'cM 


r-'t- 


to 


t^ r-^ t^ i> 


06 


o6l> r-^ t> 


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to to 


•-l Oi 


i^ 


f^ Cs to i-- 


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VOL. XXXII. 






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NO. 1521. 



MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSS.E—HRDLICKA. 



227 



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NO. 1621. 



MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIAL FOSS.E—HRBLICKA. 



229 



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230 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. XXXII. 



•S 

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